Proteomics and Genomics—Technologies for Global Oversight of Complex Biological Systems

Proteomics and Genomics— Technologies for Global Oversight of Complex Biological Systems 

The same concept in proteomics studies has technological implications, e.g., which method, sample preparation protocols, and instrumentation will be used. Again, top-down analysis will be based on isolation, analysis, and characterization of an intact protein to reveal its function. Fourier transformed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR) (Marshall et al., 1998) facilitates such approach in protein identification as a result of random fragmentation of an intact molecule. In contrary, bottom-up approach is based on up-front fragmentation of the protein in question using various proteolytic enzymes with known specificity (Chalmers et al., 2005 Millea et al., 2006). In these experiments, trypsin is most commonly used. An important question that remains is whether more 

Regardless of the approach, bottom-up or top-down, cells, their compartments and organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, endosomes etc.) as well as body fluids are complex and dynamic systems comprising of multiple networks of interacting 

Results from studies of biology systems lead to the conclusion that individualized diagnosis, clinical evaluation, and treatment will be inevitable. In many instances, amount of sample available for diagnostic purposes is and will be limited demanding more sensitive techniques and instrumentation on one hand, and development of single cell analysis on the other hand. Automated and simple steps of sample processing combined with highly sensitive and specific measurements will improve what cuiTently contributes to loss of important markers in a limited sample. 

Proteins, nucleic eclds, lipids, carboliydrates, metabolites, etc. 

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