Induction generator

Numerous methods have been pubUshed for the determination of trace amounts of tellurium (33—42). Instmmental analytical methods (qv) used to determine trace amounts of tellurium include atomic absorption spectrometry, flame, graphite furnace, and hydride generation inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis and spectrophotometry (see Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy, optical). Other instmmental methods include polarography, potentiometry, emission spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray fluorescence. 

Creed et al. [68] described a hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric method featuring a tubular membrane gas-liquid separator for the determination of down to 100 pg of arsenic in seawater. 

Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry... 

Brzezinska-Paudyn et al. [124] compared results obtained in determinations of arsenic by conventional atomic emission spectrometry, flow-injection/hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic... 

These methods were used to determine arsenic in certified sediments (Table 12.15). Conventional inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is satisfactory for all types of samples, but its usefulness was limited to concentrations of arsenic greater than 5pg g-1 dry weight. Better detection limits were achieved using the flow-injection-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma technique in which a coefficient of variation of about 2% for concentrations of lOpg g 1 were achieved. 

All four dissolution procedures studied were found to be suitable for arsenic determinations in biological marine samples, but only one (potassium hydroxide fusion) yielded accurate results for antimony in marine sediments and only two (sodium hydroxide fusion or a nitricperchloric-hydrofluoric acid digestion in sealed Teflon vessels) were appropriate for determination of selenium in marine sediments. Thus, the development of a single procedure for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium (and perhaps other hydride-forming elements) in marine materials by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry requires careful consideration not only of the oxidation-reduction chemistry of these elements and its influence on the hydride generation process but also of the chemistry of dissolution of these elements. 

M. Colon, M. Iglesias and M. Hidalgo, Development of a new method for sulflde determination by vapour generator-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 62, 2007, 470-475. 

N. Etxebarria, R. Antolin, G. Borge, T. Posada and J. C. Raposo, Optimisation of flow-injection-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma spectrometric determination of selenium in electrolytic manganese, Talanta, 65(5), 2005, 1209-1214. 

An ANN was used by Magallanes et al. [66] to optimise hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES) coupling for the determination of Ge at trace levels. 

S. E. Long and W. R. Kelly, Determination of Mercury in Coal by Isotope Dilution Cold-Vapor Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1477. 

Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry has been used to determine arsenic in soils. This technique was found to greatly reduce sample preparation time [38]. 

Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [75], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [76], gas chro-... 

Magnuson, M.L., Creed, J.T. and Brockhoffl C.A. (1997) Speciation of arsenic compounds in drinking water by capillary electrophoresis with hydrodynamically modified electro-osmotic flow detected through hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a membrane gas-liquid separator./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, 689-695. 

Rivaro, P., Zaratin, L., Frache, R. and Mazzucotelli, A. (1995) Determination of organotin compounds in marine mussel samples by using high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Analyst, 120, 1937-1939. 

M. C. Valdes Hevia y Temprano, B. Aizpun Fernandez, M. R. Fernandez de la Campa, A. Sanz-Medel, Study of the influence of ordered media on the determination of lead by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 283 (1993), 175-182. 

W. C. Story, J. A. Caruso, T. Heitkemper, L. Perkins, Elimination of the chloride interference on the determination of arsenic using hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 30 (1992), 427-432. 

T. Dagnac, A. Padro, R. Rubio, G. Rauret, Speciation of arsenic in mussels by the coupled system liquid chromatography-UV irradiation-hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Talanta, 48 (1999), 763-772. 

D. Velez, N. Ybanez, R. Montoro, Analysis of geological materials for bismuth, antimony, selenium and tellurium by continuous flow hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 12 (1997), 91-97. 

L. Abranko, Z. Stefanka, P. Fodor, Possibilities and limits of the simultaneous determination of As, Bi, Ge, Sb, Se, and Sn by flow injection-hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (FI-HG-ICP-TOFMS), Anal Chim. Acta, 493 (2003), 13-21. 

Additional excited configurations that generate induction and dispersion interactions contribute to eq.(45) when X k. These are examined in refs.[55(a)],... 

Long, S.E., Kelly, W.R. Determination of mercury in coal by isotope dilution cold-vapor generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 74, 1477-1483 (2002)... 

Taniguchi T., Tao H., Tominaga M., and Miyazaki A. (1999) Sensitive determination of three arsenic species in water by ion exclusion chromatography-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Analyt. Atom. Spectrom. 14, 651-655. 

Rigby, C Brindle, I.D. Determination of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, germanium, tin, selenium, and tellurium in 30% zinc sulphate solution by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. 1999, 14, 253-258. 

Ageno W, Johnson J, Nowacki B, et al. A computer generated induction system for hospitalized patients starting on oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 2000 83(6) 849-52. 

Chiou, C.-S., Jiang, S.-J., Kumar Danadurai, K. S. Determination of mercury compounds in fish by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography-vapor generation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta, Part B 2001, 56, 1133-1142. 

Heating or heat sealing can also be achieved by impulse, ultrasonic (beware particle generation), induction, radio or high frequency, electromagnetic, vibration or laser methods. 

Anderson KA and Isaacs (1993) Determination of selenium infeeds, premixes, supplements, and injectable solutions by hydride-generated inductively... 

Hydride generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (HGICPAES)... 

An electric field which does not depend on time within a certain range can be created by various ways. For instance, it can be generated inductively from a current in a close loop, and whose intensity would increase linearly with time. At the same time, electrostatic induction is usually observed when the sources of the primary field are electric charges. Deviations from this rule have very extremal character. 

HICP Hydride generation inductively coupled atomic emission... 

It is studied that hydrate formation induction time of four different gas mixtures in the SDS solution. Induction time of hydrates formation is shorten due to the propane adding, and with the increase of propane content, induction time shortens significantly. The generated induction time of 10% propane gas hydrate is the shortest. 

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