Inductively coupled plasmas Radio-frequency generators

The measurements were performed using a Thermo Elemental IRIS Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). A 2 kW crystal-controlled radio frequency (RF) generator operating at 27.12 MHz powers the plasma source. An Echelle optical system with a 381-mm focal length diffracts the light from the plasma source before it is focused onto the Charge Injected Device (CID) camera detector [4]. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer—Either a sequential or simultaneous spectrometer, equipped with a quartz torch and radio-frequency generator to form and sustain the plasma, is suitable. 

Continuous production of fullerenes was possible by pyrolysis of acetylene vapor in a radio-frequency induction heated cylinder of glassy polymeric carbon having multiple holes through which the gas mixture passes [44]. Fullerene production is seen at temperatures not exceeding 1500 K. The yield of fullerenes, however, generated by this method is less than 1%. A more efficient synthesis (up to 4.1% yield) was carried out in an inductively coupled radio-frequency thermal plasma reactor [45]. 

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