Inductively coupled plasma mass hydride generation

Numerous methods have been pubUshed for the determination of trace amounts of tellurium (33—42). Instmmental analytical methods (qv) used to determine trace amounts of tellurium include atomic absorption spectrometry, flame, graphite furnace, and hydride generation inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis and spectrophotometry (see Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy, optical). Other instmmental methods include polarography, potentiometry, emission spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray fluorescence. 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

Creed et al. [68] described a hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric method featuring a tubular membrane gas-liquid separator for the determination of down to 100 pg of arsenic in seawater. 

Klane and Blum [69] showed that inductively coupled plasma spectrometry was able to determine below 1000 ng/1 of arsenic in seawater. Ion exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been used to determine several arsenic species in seawater [ 947 ]. Down to 3 ng/1 arsenic can be determined using hydride generation prior to this technique. 

Rouxel O, Ludden J, Carginan J, Marin L, Fouquet Y (2002) Natural variations of Se isotopic composition determined by hydride generation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66(18) 3191-3199... 

In an interlab oratory study involving 160 accredited hazardous materials laboratories reported by Kimbrough and Wakakuwa [28], each laboratory performed a mineral acid digestion on five soils spiked with arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, selenium and thallium. Analysis of extracts was carried out by atomic emission spectrometry, inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have both been combined with the introduction of hydride generation into inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation determination of arsenic in soils [36]. 

Martens et al. [202] and McCurdy et al. [203] have employed hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively, to determine selenium in soils. 

Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [75], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [76], gas chro-... 

Magnuson, M.L., Creed, J.T. and Brockhoffl C.A. (1997) Speciation of arsenic compounds in drinking water by capillary electrophoresis with hydrodynamically modified electro-osmotic flow detected through hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a membrane gas-liquid separator./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, 689-695. 

Olson, L.K., Vela, N.P. and Caruso, J.A. (1995) Hydride generation, electrothermal vaporisation and liquid-chromatography as sample introduction techniques for inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B, 50, 1095-1108. 

Spectrometric techniques based on atomic absorption or the emission of radiation flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and cold vapor (CV)/hydride generation (HG), mainly for trace and ultratrace metal determinations. 

W. C. Story, J. A. Caruso, T. Heitkemper, L. Perkins, Elimination of the chloride interference on the determination of arsenic using hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 30 (1992), 427-432. 

T. Dagnac, A. Padro, R. Rubio, G. Rauret, Speciation of arsenic in mussels by the coupled system liquid chromatography-UV irradiation-hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Talanta, 48 (1999), 763-772. 

D. Velez, N. Ybanez, R. Montoro, Analysis of geological materials for bismuth, antimony, selenium and tellurium by continuous flow hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 12 (1997), 91-97. 

Maintaining the quality of food is a far more complex problem than the quality assurance of non-food products. Analytical methods are an indispensable monitoring tool for controlling levels of substances essential for health and also of toxic substances, including heavy metals. The usual techniques for detecting elements in food are flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS), hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG AAS), cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) and neutron activation analysis (NAA). 

Nakazato, T., Tao, H., Taniguchi, T., Isshiki, K. Determination of arsenite, arsenate, and monomethylarsonic acid in seawater by ion-exclusion chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using reaction cell and hydride generation techniques. Talanta 58, 121-132 (2002)... 

Segovia Garcia, E., Garcia Alonso, J.I., Sanz Medel, A. Determination of butyltin compounds in sediments by means of hydride generation/cold trapping gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. J. Mass Spectrom. 32, 542-549 (1997)... 

Taniguchi T., Tao H., Tominaga M., and Miyazaki A. (1999) Sensitive determination of three arsenic species in water by ion exclusion chromatography-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Analyt. Atom. Spectrom. 14, 651-655. 

ETA-AAS, Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry FAAS, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry HG-AAS, Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ICP-AES, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ID-MS, Isotopic Dilution Mass Spectrometry NAA, Neutron Activation Analysis Q-ICP-MS, Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry SS-Z-ETA-AAS, Solid Sampling Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Z-ETA-AAS, Zeeman Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry... 

Klaue, B., Blum, J. D. Trace analyses of arsenic in drinking water hy inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high resolution versus hydride generation. Anal Chem 1999, 71, 1408-1414. Polya, D. A., Lythgoe, P. R., Gault, A. G., Brydie, J. R., Ahou-Shakra, E, et al. IC-ICP-MS and IC-ICP-HEX-MS determination of arsenic speciation in surface and groundwaters preservation and analytical issues. Mineral Mag 2003, 67, 247-261. 

Buckley WT, Budac JJ, Godfrey DV, et al. 1992. Determination of selenium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry utilizing a new hydride generation sample introduction system. Anal Chem 64(7) 724-729. 

ISO (2001) Soil Quality — Determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium in aqua regia soil extracts with electrothermal or hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, draft ISO/CD 20280. ISO/DIS 17294, Water Quality — Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) - Part 1 General guideline Part 2 Determination of 61 elements (in preparation). 

More recently for ultratrace determination and speciation of antimony compounds the so-called hyphenated instrumental techniques have been applied which combine adequate separation devices with suitable element-specific detectors. They include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) connected on-line with heated graphite furnace (HGF) AAS (HPLC-HGF-AAS), hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HG-AFS) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry (MS) (HPLC-ICP-MS) capillary electrophoresis (CE) connected to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with the same detectors as with HPLC. Reliable speciation of antimony compounds is still hampered by such problems as extractability of the element, preservation of its species information, and availability of Sb standard compounds (Nash et al. 2000, Krachler etal. 2001). Variants of anodic stripping voltammetry for speciation of antimony have also been applied (Quentel and Eilella 2002). 

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a modern and more sensitive variation of MS detection of bismuth. Bismuthine is generated in a hydride generator and swept by argon directly into the ICP unit. The ions are then introduced into the mass spectrometer. Optimization of the mass spectrometer, reagent, and gas flow parameters leads to a detection limit of 20ngL (IfQand 1993). Phillips etal. (2001) examined the safety aspects of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori. These authors used ICP-MS to determine blood Bi levels in 34 patients receiving CBS quadruple therapy, with whole blood Bi levels being deter-... 

Detection limits are presented for 61 elements by ten analytical determinative methods FAAS flame atomic absorption spectrometry ETAAS electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry HGAAS hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry including CVAAS cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg ICPAES(PN) inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry utilizing a pneumatic nebulizer ICPAES(USN) inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry utilizing an ultrasonic nebulizer ICPMS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Voltammetry TXRF total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry INAA instrumental activation neutron analysis RNAA radiochemical separation neutron activation analysis also defined in list of acronyms. 

Figure 3 Instrumental methods for the determination of arsenic compounds (Abbreviations AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry APS, atomic fluorescence spectrometry CE, capillary electrophoresis GC, gas chromatography HG, hydride generation ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry INAA, instrumental neutron activation analysis LC, liquid chromatography MS, mass spectrometry).

---