Inductively coupled plasma hydride generation used

Nakazato, T., Tao, H., Taniguchi, T., Isshiki, K. Determination of arsenite, arsenate, and monomethylarsonic acid in seawater by ion-exclusion chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using reaction cell and hydride generation techniques. Talanta 58, 121-132 (2002)... 

Beauchemin, D. (1998). Hydride generation interface for the determination of inorganic arsenic and organoarsenic by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using open-focused microwave digestion to enhance the pre-reduction process.J. Ana/. At. Spectrom. 

Branch, S., Corns, W.T., Ebdon, L., Hill, S., and O Neill, P. (1991). Determination of arsenic by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a tubular membrane gas-liquid separator./Spectrom. 6(2), 155—159. 

Numerous methods have been pubUshed for the determination of trace amounts of tellurium (33—42). Instmmental analytical methods (qv) used to determine trace amounts of tellurium include atomic absorption spectrometry, flame, graphite furnace, and hydride generation inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis and spectrophotometry (see Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy, optical). Other instmmental methods include polarography, potentiometry, emission spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray fluorescence. 

Klane and Blum [69] showed that inductively coupled plasma spectrometry was able to determine below 1000 ng/1 of arsenic in seawater. Ion exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been used to determine several arsenic species in seawater [ 947 ]. Down to 3 ng/1 arsenic can be determined using hydride generation prior to this technique. 

These workers used an ARC 34000 inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer with flow-injection hydride generation. The 189.04nm line (3nd order) was used for arsenic measurement. The flow-injection block and Buckler peristaltic pump, as described by Liversage et al. [125] were also used for the determination of arsenic by hydride generation. 

These methods were used to determine arsenic in certified sediments (Table 12.15). Conventional inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is satisfactory for all types of samples, but its usefulness was limited to concentrations of arsenic greater than 5pg g-1 dry weight. Better detection limits were achieved using the flow-injection-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma technique in which a coefficient of variation of about 2% for concentrations of lOpg g 1 were achieved. 

An ANN was used by Magallanes et al. [66] to optimise hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES) coupling for the determination of Ge at trace levels. 

Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry has been used to determine arsenic in soils. This technique was found to greatly reduce sample preparation time [38]. 

Kimbrough and Wakakuwa [276,330] reported on an interlaboratory comparison study involving 160 accredited hazardous materials laboratories. Each laboratory performed a mineral acid digestion on five soils spiked with arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, selenium and thallium. The instrumental detection methods used were inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. At most concentrations, the results obtained with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry... 

Rivaro, P., Zaratin, L., Frache, R. and Mazzucotelli, A. (1995) Determination of organotin compounds in marine mussel samples by using high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Analyst, 120, 1937-1939. 

W. C. Story, J. A. Caruso, T. Heitkemper, L. Perkins, Elimination of the chloride interference on the determination of arsenic using hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 30 (1992), 427-432. 

A combination of IPC and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS was extensively explored for the speciation of phosphorus, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, mercury, and chromium compounds [108-118] because it provides specific and sensitive element detection. Selenium IPC speciation was joined to atomic fluorescent spectrometry via an interface in which all selenium species were reduced by thiourea before conventional hydride generation [119], Coupling IPC separation of monomethyl and mercuric Hg in biotic samples by formation of their thiourea complexes with cold vapor generation and atomic fluorescence detection was successfully validated [120]. The coupling of IPC with atomic absorption spectrometry was also used for online speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) [121] and arsenic compounds employing hydride generation [122]. 

Whatever the analytical method and the determinand may be, the greatest care should be devoted to the proper selection and use of internal standards, careful preparation of blanks and adequate calibration to avoid serious mistakes. Today the Antarctic investigator has access to a multitude of analytical techniques, the scope, detection power and robustness of which were simply unthinkable only two decades ago. For chemical elements they encompass Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) [with Flame (F) and Electrothermal Atomization (ETA) and Hydride or Cold Vapor (HG or CV) generation]. Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES) [with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), Spark (S), Flame (F) and Glow Discharge/Hollow Cathode (HC/GD) emission sources], Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AFS) [with HC/GD, Electrodeless Discharge (ED) and Laser Excitation (LE) sources and with the possibility of resorting to the important Isotope... 

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a modern and more sensitive variation of MS detection of bismuth. Bismuthine is generated in a hydride generator and swept by argon directly into the ICP unit. The ions are then introduced into the mass spectrometer. Optimization of the mass spectrometer, reagent, and gas flow parameters leads to a detection limit of 20ngL (IfQand 1993). Phillips etal. (2001) examined the safety aspects of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori. These authors used ICP-MS to determine blood Bi levels in 34 patients receiving CBS quadruple therapy, with whole blood Bi levels being deter-... 

In the case of moss samples exposed in the Mansfelder Land area, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used for the determination of As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn in both aqueous and acidic solutions by standard addition technique. Atomic absorption techniques were applied for the determination of arsenic (hydride generation coupled with graphite furnace atomization), cadmium and lead (both by Zeeman-corrected graphite furnace AAS) (Krauss et al., 1998, 2000). Ion chromatography was used for the determination of sulphate. 

All major ash elements and some trace elements are determined in coal or fly ash by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Parr oxygen bomb combustion followed by ion selective electrode. X-ray fluorescence or atomic absorption spectrom-etric measurements are used to determine halogens, sulfur, nitrogen, mercury, arsenic, selenium, and phosphorus. Hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry is used to determine traces of As,... 

LiBOi can be carried out in a platinum crucible at 1000°C. Acid digestion typically involves acid mixtures such as concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acid heated to temperatures of 100°C or more. The aim of the digestion in this case is to completely break down the matrix. Total tin analysis is routinely carried out using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) coupled with atomic emission spectrometry (AES) or with mass spectrometry (MS). Hydride generation is commonly used to reduce detection limits. This technique involves the addition of a reductant such as sodium borohydride to form tin hydride. Hydride generation has been used commonly with ICP-AES, ICP-MS, and AAS. Other techniques employed for total tin determination are instrumental neutron activation and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. 

Atomic absorption spectrometry is commonly used to measure a wide range of elements as shown in Table 2. Such techniques as flame, graphite furnace, hydride generation, and cold vapor are employed. Measurements are made separately for each element of interest in turn to achieve a complete analysis these techniques are relatively slow to use. More sensitive, but also more expensive, multielement analytical techniques such as inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry can be used if lower (pgl and below) detection limits are required. These detectors can also be coupled with separation systems if speciation data, e.g., Cr(III) and Cr(VI), are needed. 

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