Primary field

Both friction and wear measurements have been used to study boundary lubrication of fuel because sticking fuel controls and pump failures are primary field problems in gas turbine operation. An extensive research program of the Coordinating Research Council has produced a baH-on-cylinder lubricity test (BOCLE), standardized as ASTM D5001, which is used to qualify additives, to investigate fuels, and to assist pump manufacturers (21). 

In the lab, the same primary sample types were used, and samples were also done to verify that the recovery from the coveralls alone was similar to that for the combined underwear plus coveralls patch and to verify that recovery from the individual types of cotton matrix was adequate. The results showed that recovery for the underwear was reduced by the large size of the garment compared to the patches used for the primary field and lab spiked samples. Recovery from the spiked cotton swabs was lower than expected but was still considered adequate (see Table 1). 

Organic pigments are used to color a variety of media. It is useful to distinguish between three primary fields of application the coatings and paints industry, the printing inks industry, and the plastics and fibers industry. Besides, organic pigments are used for special purposes, for instance in office materials and in the mass coloration of paper. 

P.R.48 5, a magnesium salt, was a comparatively recent product but its manufacture has already been discontinued. It is considerably yellower and at the same time more brilliant than P.R.48 4. The pigment is also much weaker in white reductions. Compared to the manganese version, P.R.48 5 does not perform as well if exposed to light and/or weather, and it darkens in full shades. Its primary field of application is the pigmentation of polyolefins, but it is also employed to color PVC and polystyrene. Its application properties and fastness properties in print and in paints largely parallel those of P.R.48 2. 

One of the primary fields of application for P.R.151 is in polystyrene, although there is a slight color change at temperatures above 260°C, at which the pigment partially dissolves. It is also used to a considerable extent in ABS. Cast resins based on methylmethacrylate and unsaturated polyesters are also frequently colored with P.R.151, which is resistant to the peroxide catalysts that are used to harden the plastic. The lightfastness in these media is good it equals step 6-7 on the Blue Scale. 

The objective of QualAID ( ) is to provide advice on how much and what type of quality assiarance (QA) and quality control (QC) is needed for various types of environmental analyses. The purpose of this system is to provide consistently good advice to chemists whose primary field of expertise is other than QA/QC. 

Table 2.6 Primary field adsorption energy onaW (112) surface...

One of the most important roles for effective cancer chemotherapy is as an adjuvant to initial or primary field treatment with other methods such as surgery or radiation therapy. Failures with primary field therapy are due principally to occult micrometastases outside the primary field. With the currently available treatment modalities, this form of combined-modality therapy appears to offer the greatest chance of curing patients with solid tumors. 

Analysing the two constituents of this equation, one verifies that l/sec crosses zero not only at t = 0, 7/2, T,... as the primary field does (Fig. 10.9(b)(iv)), but also if d(B1 + B2)/dH is zero (Fig. 10.9(fc)(iii)). Since the latter occurs for t = 0, 7/2, 7,..., but also at t = 7/4, 37/4,..., Usec appears with twice the frequency of the primary current. Hence, one has to extract the second harmonics from the voltage signal l/sec in order to get a measure for the strength of H0. (There are also odd overtones due to the saturation effects in the magnetization curves and the antisymmetry of these curves with respect to H = 0, but these can be effectively discriminated against the desired second harmonics.)... 

Soft biological structures exhibit finite strains and nonlinear anisotropic material response. The hydrated tissue can be viewed as a fluid-saturated porous medium or a continuum mixture of incompressible solid (s), mobile incompressible fluid (f), and three (or an arbitrary number) mobile charged species a, (3 = p,m, b). A mixed Electro-Mechano-Chemical-Porous-Media-Transport or EMCPMT theory (previously denoted as the LMPHETS theory) is presented with (a) primary fields (continuous at material interfaces) displacements, Ui and generalized potentials, ifi ( , r/ = /, e, to, b) and (b) secondary fields (discontinuous) pore fluid pressure, pf electrical potential, /7e and species concentration (molarity), ca = dna/dVf or apparent concentration, ca = nca and c = Jnca = dna/dVo. The porosity, n = 1 — J-1(l — no) and no = no(Xi) = dVj/dVo for a fluid-saturated solid. Fixed charge density (FCD) in the solid is defined as cF = dnF/dV , cF = ncF, and cF = cF (Xf = JncF = dnF/d o. 

In the regions surrounded by the liquidus and solidus cfe and deg), a solid phase coexists with a liquid phase. Consider the region cfe. Within this region, pure solid A can coexist with a number of different liquid solutions. Since solid A is the only solid present in this region, it is called the primary field of A. Similarly the region of deg is the primary field of B. 

We may extract a considerable amount of information from this type of phase diagram. Let s consider the case represented by the pointp in the following figure. We know that this point is in the primary field of A in which pure solid A coexists with liquid. When an isothermal line passing the point of interest (p) is constructed, the point r represents the composition of the liquid phase which exists in equilibrium with pure solid A represented by the point q. The isothermal line qr which connects the compositions of the two phases that coexist in equilibrium is called the tie line. 

These lines are called liquidus isotherms. The intersections of adjoining liquidus surfaces like ae, be and ce are called the boundary curves. When a liquid whose composition lies in the region surrounded by Aceh is cooled, the first crystalline phase that appears is A, and hence A is called the primary phase and the region Aceh is the primary field of A. In this field, solid A is the last solid to disappear when any composition within this field is heated. Similarly,B and C are primary phases in their respective primary fields, Baec and Caeb. 

Because the primary fields of A and BC are not in contact with each other, and hence these two fields do not form a boundary curve. 

Both AC and BC melt incongruently, as the stoichiometric compositions of these compounds lie outside their respective primary fields. 

The binary compound 8 and the ternary compound

melt congruently, since they are within their respective primary fields, but the ternary compound e melts incongruently as it is outside its primary field. 

Although the mechanisms of electroporation, electrofusion, and electroinsertion are not known, biophysical data suggest that the primary field pulse effect is interfacial polarization by ion accumulation at the membrane surfaces. The resulting transmembrane electric field causes rearrangements of the lipids such that pores are formed1718. Electropores anneal slowly (over a period of minutes) when the pulse is switched off. 

The behavior of particles under the simultaneous effect of field forces and lift forces can vary with the nature of different applied primary field forces [298]. The force acting on the particles is proportional to the third power of the particle diameter in S-FFF, but only to the first power of the particle diameter in Fl-FFF thus indicating that S-FFF is probably best suited for a fine balance between the external field and hydrodynamic lift forces. 

Lift Forces Combined with the Field Action. The hydrodynamic lift forces that appear at high flow rates of the carrier liquid combined with the primary field are able to concentrate the hard suspended particles into the focused layers. The retention behavior of the particles under the simultaneous effect of the primary field and lift forces generated by the high longitudinal flow rate can vary with the nature of various applied primary field forces. 

The transversal gradient of the focusing forces can be generated, for example, in a binary or multicomponent carrier liquid whose two or more components are affected unevenly by the primary homogeneous field. Various efiFective property gradients of the carrier liquid difiering by their effect on the focused sample component can be exploited (2, 3). All of them occur because of the concentration distribution of the carrier liquid modifier. The concentration distribution of the modifier can be established due to the effect of the primary field forces, which can act also to form the focused zones of the separated sample components. 

Another possibility is to superpose a secondary field of different nature on the gradient generated by the primary field to induce the focusing effect (ii). The focusing force proper is induced by the coupled effect of the transversal gradient and of the primary or secondary field action. 

Figure 3. Computer simulation of static resolution of the four zones at different positions of the arbitrarily chosen focused species in a gradient forming carrier liquid by applying either both primary and secondary field intensities equivalent to 30 G or the coupling of the gradient generating primary field intensity equivalent to 1000 G with the secondary focusing field equivalent to 1 G.

Another possible usage is for the characterization of the gradient forming species and of their interactions with the primary field by determining the shape of the established gradient from the experimental retentions. 

As long as the strong B] field is on, the magnetization continues to rotate, or precess, around B. The strength of the B field is such that, when it is on, precession occurs preferentially around its direction (y), rather than around the natural direction of B (z). Consequently, the primary field present at the nuclei is B, so the expression for the precession frequency becomes co = yB. More precisely, this equation holds at the resonance frequency (Oo = 7 0. Farther and farther from the resonance frequency, the effect of B wanes, and precession around Bq returns. A full mathematical treatment requires the inclusion of terms in both Bq and B, but, qualitatively, our interest focuses on the events at the resonance frequency. 

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