Spectrometric determination

R. Silverstein, G. C. Bassler, and T. C. Morrill, Spectrometric Determination of Organic Compounds, 5th ed., John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. 

IR SPECTROMETRICAL DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN WATERS AFTER EXTRACTION INTO GASEOUS PHASE... 

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC - MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC HYDRIDES, PERMANENT GASES AND HYDROCARBONS IN HIGH PURITY SILANE... 

Elements with 1 predominant isotope can also, potentially, permit very precise atomic weight determinations since variations in isotopic composition or errors in its determination have a correspondingly small effect on the mass-spectrometrically determined value of the atomic weight. Nine elements have 1 isotope that is more than 99% abundant (H, He, N, O, Ar, V, La, Ta... 

Similarly to quantitative determination of high surfactant concentrations, many alternative methods have been proposed for the quantitative determination of low surfactant concentrations. Tsuji et al. [270] developed a potentio-metric method for the microdetermination of anionic surfactants that was applied to the analysis of 5-100 ppm of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 1-10 ppm of sodium dodecyl ether (2.9 EO) sulfate. This method is based on the inhibitory effect of anionic surfactants on the enzyme system cholinesterase-butyryl-thiocholine iodide. A constant current is applied across two platinum plate electrodes immersed in a solution containing butyrylthiocholine and surfactant. Since cholinesterase produces enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate, the decrease in the initial velocity of the hydrolysis caused by the surfactant corresponds to its concentration. Amounts up to 60 pg of alcohol sulfate can be spectrometrically determined with acridine orange by extraction of the ion pair with a mixture 3 1 (v/v) of benzene/methyl isobutyl ketone [271]. 

Figure 5,39 Structures of various fungicides used in the control of post-harvest decay in citrus fruits. Reprinted from J. Chrormtogr., A, 912, Fernandez, M., Rodriguez, R., Pico, Y. and Manes, J., Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of post-harvest fungicides in citrus fruits , 301-310, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier Science.

CHANG H 0, CHURCHWELL M I, DELCLOS K B, NEWBOLD, DOERGE D R (2000) Mass spectrometric determination of genistein tissue distribution in diet-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. J Nutr. 130 1963-70. 

Gas-chromatographic determination for plant materials liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric determination for water and soil... 

Similar methods with modifications such as the one by Schutz et al.8 have been in use for over 20 years. In 1968, Ferren and Shane9 published a paper on the differential spectrometric determination of caffeine in soluble coffee and drug combinations. It had the advantage of eliminating a preliminary separation that was required by the earlier method. While the method was successful for coffee, it was not as successful in the determination of caffeine in acetaminophen/phenacetin/caffeine tablets. They proposed that phenacetin was a limiting factor. The official AOAC methods for these methylxanthines in coffee and tea still involve similar methods.10... 

Matejicek D, Houserova P, Kuban V (2007) Combined isolation and purification procedures prior to the high-performance liquid chromatographic-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometric determination of estrogens and their conjugates in river sediments. J Chromatogr A 1171 (l-2) 80-89... 

Bermejo-Barrera et al. [64] studied the use of lanthanum chloride and magnesium nitrate as modifiers for the electrothermal atomic spectrometric determination of p,g/l levels of arsenic in seawater. 

Braman and Tompkins10 developed the atomic emission spectrometric determination method for the determination of inorganic and organic germanium compounds in the... 

Muino, M.A.F. and J.S. Lozano. 1991. Mass spectrometric determination of pentachlorophenol in honey. Anal. Chim. Acta 247 121-123. 

Alford-Stevens, A.L., T.A. Bellar, J.W. Eichelberger, and W.L. Budde. 1986. Characterization of commercial Aroclors by automated mass spectrometric determination of polychlorinated biphenyls by level of chlorination. Anal. Chem. 58 2014-2022. 

The technique is used predominantly for the isolation of a single chemical species prior to a determination and to a lesser extent as a method of concentrating trace quantities. The most widespread application is in the determination of metals as minor and trace constituents in a variety of inorganic and organic materials, e g. the selective extraction and spectrometric determination of metals as coloured complexes in the analysis of metallurgical and geological samples as well as for petroleum products, foodstuffs, plant and animal tissue and body fluids. 

Thin-layer chromatography does not provide quantitative information of the highest precision and accuracy. Linear relationships between the mass of a substance and the logarithm or square-root of the spot area can sometimes be established under very closely controlled conditions. The optical absorbance of a spot determined by reflectance measurements can be similarly related to mass, or the substances can be scraped from the plate and dissolved in a suitable solvent for a spectrometric determination. The main difficulties with area and density measurements lie in defining the boundaries of spots and controlling chromogenic reactions in a reproducible manner. Relative precision can be as good as 1-2% but is more usually 5-10%. 

Christiaens B. et al., 2004. Fully automated method for the liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric determination of cyproterone acetate in human plasma using restricted access material for online sample clean-up, J Chromatogr A 1056. 

Schellen A. et al., 2000. High throughput online solid phase extraction/tandem mass spectrometric determination of paclitaxel in human serum. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14 230. 

R. S. Houk, V. A. Fassel, G. D. Flesch, H. J. Svec, A. L. Gray, and C. E. Taylor. Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma as an Ion Source for Mass Spectrometric Determination of Trace Elements. Anal. Chem., 52(1980) 2283-2289. 

Goossens J, Moens L, Dams R. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric determination of heavy metals in soil and sludge candidate reference materials. Anal. Chim. Acta 1995 304 307-315. 

Alford Stevens et al. [49] carried out a multi-laboratory study of automated gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determinations of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil. The influence of various factors on the accuracy of analytical results were studied. Shaker extraction for 12.5h followed by Florisil chromatography were demonstrated to be the most reliable methods for extraction and clean-up. 

Representative multiple ion mass chromatograms of soil samples are presented in Fig. 5.4. These gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determinations of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorodibenzofurans, and non-ortho polychlorobiphenyls in differing types of samples serve to exemplify the versatility of the procedure for such analyses. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometric data were usually uncluttered by extraneous components, and interpretation of the data was routinely straightforward. 

Miller YM, Ustinov VI, Artemov YM (1966) Mass spectrometric determination of calcium isotope variations. Geochem Inter 3 929-933... 

Cui, J.-F., Bjorkhem, 1., and Eneroth, P. (1997). Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol for study on human urinary excretion of ginsenosides after ingestion of ginseng preparations. /. Chromatogr. B 689, 349-355. 

Caprioli, R.M. Fan, T. High Sensitivity Mass Spectrometric Determination of Peptides Direct Analysis of Aqueous Solutions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1986,141, 1058-1065. 

Yang, C. Henion, J.D. Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Liquid Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Idoxifene and Its Metabolites in Human Plasma. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 970,155-165. 

Sweeley, C.C. Elliot, W.H. Fries, I. Ry-hage, R. Mass Spectrometric Determination of Unresolved Components in Gas Chromatographic Effluents. Anal. Chem. 1966,55, 1549-1553. 

Sander, L.C., Callis, J.B., and Field, L.R., Fourier transform infrared spectrometric determination of aUcyl chain conformation on chemically bonded reversed phase liquid chromatography packings, AnaZ. Chem.,55, 1068, 1983. 

Arinobu T, Hattori H, Iwai M, Ishii A, Kumazawa T, et al. 2002. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of haloperidol and its metabolites in human plasma and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 776(1) 107-113. 

Koga D, Santa T, Fukushima T, Homma H, Imai K. 1997. Liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric determination of ananda-mide and its analogs in rat brain and peripheral tissues. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 690 7. 

Musshoff F, Lachenmeier DW, Kroener L, Schmidt P, Dettmeyer R, et al. 2003. Simultaneous gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of dopamine, norsalsolinol and salsolinol enantiomers in brain samples of a large human collective. Cell Mol Biol 49 837. 

Yang, C., and Henion, J. (2002). Atmospheric pressure photoionization liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of idoxifene and its metabolites in human plasma. ]. Chromatogr. A 970, 155-165. 

Takino, M., Daishima, S., and Nakahara, T. (2003). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric determination of patulin in apple juice using atmospheric pressure photoionization. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17, 1965—1972. 

Garcia, R, and Henion, J. (1992). Fast capillary electrophoresis-ion spray mass spectrometric determination of sulfonylureas. J. Chromatogr. 606, 237—247. 

Technetium isotopes formed upon irradiation of a molybdenum target by protons with an energy of 22 MeV have been ascertained by mass spectrometry. After separation of technetium by ion exchange, the isotopes Tc (0.5 %), Tc (56.0%), Tc (17.3%) and Tc (26.7%) are detected. The sensitivity of this method is very high 5 x 10 g of technetium can be detected. Mass spectrometric determination of technetium is also described by Kukavadze et al. . Pertech-netate is reduced to technetium metal and Tc ions are produced at 1600 to 1800 °C. 

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