Root processes

Anderson, S.H., and J.W. Hopmans (ed.). 1994. Tomography of soil-water-root processes. SSSA Spec. 

Figure 7 Vetiver root processing flow chart...

Root Integer specifying the rank for the root process... 

A number of the most widely used collective communication operations provided by MPI are listed in Table A.3. The collective operations have been grouped into operations for data movement only (broadcast, scatter, and gather operations), operations that both move data and perform computation on data (reduce operations), and operations whose only function is to synchronize processes. In the one-to-all broadcast, MPl Bcast, data is sent from one process (the root) to all other processes, while in the all-to-all broadcast, MPI A11 gather, data is sent from every process to every other process (one-to-all and all-to-all broadcast operations are discussed in more detail in section 3.2). The one-to-all scatter operation, MPI Scatter, distributes data from the root process to all other processes (sending different data to different processes), and the all-to-one gather, MPI Gather, is the reverse operation, gathering data from all processes onto the root. 

The all-to-one reduction and all-reduce operations,MPl Reduce and MPI All reduce, perform a reduction operation on data across all processes and place the result on either the root process (MPl Reduce) or on all processes (MPI A11 reduce). The type of operation performed is specified via the op argument of type MPI.Op, and the types of operations that can be performed include, for example, finding the maximum or minimum value across a data set or performing a multiplication or addition of the numbers in the set, and user defined operations can be specified as well. The synchronization operation listed in Table A.3, MPI. Barrier, is a barrier synchronization when encountering the barrier, a process caimot continue until all processes have reached the barrier, and, hence, all processes are synchronized. 

To illustrate the use of collective commimication operations, we show in Figure A.2 an MPI program that employs the collective communication operations MPI.Scatter and MPi.Reduce the program distributes a matrix (initially located at the root process) across all processes, performs some computations on the local part of the matrix on each process, and performs a global summation of the data computed by each process, putting the result on the root process. 

If root process, read in A matrix from somewhere /... 

Add looal.result from all processes and put on root process / MPI Reduce(local.result, result, 1, MPI DOUBLE, MPI SUM, 0, MPI COMM WORLD) ... 

An MPI program, written in C, illustrating the use of the MPI collective operations MPI Scatter and MPI Reduce. The root process (process 0) scatters rows of a matrix across all processes each process then performs some computations on its own row and, finally, the sum of the results from all processes is put on the root process. 

To illustrate the differences, this means that if the current short-rate is 8% and is assumed to have an annualised volatility of 100 basis points, and at some point in the future the short-rate moves to 4%, under the Gaussian process the volatility at the new rate will remain at 50 basis points, the square root process will assume a volatility of 82.8 basis points and the lognormal process will assume a volatility of 50 basis points. 

Formulas for bond options were found by Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross using the CIR model (square root process) for short rates, and by Jam-shidian, Rabinovitch, and by Chaplin using the Vasicek model for the short rate process. 

There were published several reports about the hyoscyamine production by hairy roots grown in bioreactors [65]. As fare as we are aware there is not enough information about the scopolamine and particularly about 6P-hydroxyhyoscyamine production in these systems. Among them, Hilton and Rhodes [67] studied the hyoscyamine production by D. stramonium in a modified 14 L stirred tank reactor operated imder different conditions in batch and continuous mode. The 35 day culture produced 5.2 mg/g DW and 3.3 mg/g DW of hyoscyamine in Gamborg B5/2 and B5 medium, respectively [67]. B. Candida hairy roots produced a slightly higher amoimt of hyoscyamine. Specifically, the process carried out in the modified stirred tank produced 7.0 1.3 mg/g DW of hyoscyamine at the harvest time (Table 2) [28]. Hilton and Rhodes [67] also reported a low release of the alkaloid into the culture medium. The biomass productivity attained in this work was 0.24 g DW/l/d which is very similar to that reported here for B. Candida hairy root processes (Table 2). 

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