Broadcast operations

Lack of a government franchise (e.g., that needed for a pipeline, telephone, or television broadcasting operation). 

Outline of a simple parallel algorithm to perform the matrix-vector multiplication Ab = c. A is an n X n matrix distributed by rows, b and c are replicated vectors, p is the number of processes, and ttiis proc is the process ID. A static work distribution scheme is used, and a single global communication operation is required. Each process computes the elements c, of the c vector corresponding to the locally stored rows of A, and an all-to-all broadcast operation puts a copy of the entire c vector on all processes. 

A number of the most widely used collective communication operations provided by MPI are listed in Table A.3. The collective operations have been grouped into operations for data movement only (broadcast, scatter, and gather operations), operations that both move data and perform computation on data (reduce operations), and operations whose only function is to synchronize processes. In the one-to-all broadcast, MPl Bcast, data is sent from one process (the root) to all other processes, while in the all-to-all broadcast, MPI A11 gather, data is sent from every process to every other process (one-to-all and all-to-all broadcast operations are discussed in more detail in section 3.2). The one-to-all scatter operation, MPI Scatter, distributes data from the root process to all other processes (sending different data to different processes), and the all-to-one gather, MPI Gather, is the reverse operation, gathering data from all processes onto the root. 

In order to transform a nested loop with linear dependencies into an equivalent URE form, the propagation space of each variable should be determined and the localization of the data movements should be performed. Generally, propagation exists when the propagation space of a variable instance contains more than one node of the index space. The propagation in the index space can take two different forms, namely broadcast operations and Jan-in . More specifically, broadcasting occurs when a value of an instance is distributed to many nodes of the space, while fan-in occurs when different values of an instance are concentrated from many nodes to one node. The latter is the main feature of WSACs [20]. 

After re-indexing, broadcast operations and global operations such as sire still present in the description of figure 4. Localization techniques are needed to localize these operations to arrive at a uniform description with only local and constant dependencies, as required by the space-time mapping. We will... 

In general, one step of the localization unrolls one dimension of the null-space. A global or broadcast operation is thereby replaced by a set of localized operations and a set of new global or broadcast operations defined over a reduced null-space. 

Factorization of broadcast operations. This must be done manually. 

Localization of the broadcast operations. For this step, the user is asked to select a pipelining vector from a set of possible alternatives. The localization itself is then performed automatically. 

Alpha du Centaur does not place the intermediate variables that result from localizing global operations in the same index space. This can be done with a re-indexing transformation after the localization step. The localization procedure could also be adapted so that this step is not necessary, as in the case of the localization of broadcast operations. 

The top two groups represent the localization of the broadcast of the global variables representing the current and reference window. The form of these groups is typical for the localization of 2-D global or broadcast operations. 

This description results in two sets of signal broadcast operations, labeled as node 4 and node 5. These in particular will result in a potentially large number of storage locations during memory management. 

A second concern is the need for flexibility at the facility. Seldom does a broadcast operation get completely rewired because the cabhng wears our or fails. More often, it is the supporting documentation that has broken down, frustrating the maintainability of the system. Retroactive documentation is physically difficult and emotionally challenging, and seldom generates the level of commitment required to be entirely successful or accurate hence, a total rebuild is often the preferred solution to documentation failure. Documentation must be considered a hedge against such unnecessary reconstruction. 

Upon elimination of the fluids, the liner to the pit is folded over the residual solids in a way to prevent fluid migration. The liner is then buried inplace. The operator may choose to remove the liner contents completely to preclude any future contamination. In the case of a producing well, the location is reclaimed up to the deadmen. The adjacent areas are contoured to provide for drainage away from the production facilities. In the case of a dryhole, the entire location is reclaimed to the initial condition. All of the reclaimed area should be ripped to enhance soil conductivity. The top soil is then spread over the reclaimed area followed by seeding. Local seed mixtures are broadcast to quicken reintroduction of native plants. 

The thing to keep in mind is that when a system action occurs, it may affect several objects simultaneously. E.g. deleteMember may have the effect of marking lost any and every book held by that member. It is as if the operations are broadcast simultaneously to all the objects inside the system, some of which take notice. The job of design can be seen as one of enhancing the performance of this mechanism, and of deciding how the information modelled as these objects will really be represented. 

Radio and TV broadcasts use radio frequency radiation. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which causes transitions between nuclear spin states, uses radiation from this region. One typical NMR spectrometer operates at 2 X 108 Hz or 200 MHz (1.9 X 10 5 kcal/mol or 8 X 10 s kJ/mol). NMR spectroscopy is discussed in Chapter 14... 

---