Gasoline antioxidants

T -nitro aniline (PNA) [100-01-6] ammonia T -phenylenedi-amine gasoline antioxidants, dyes, mbber chemicals... 

Antioxidants - prevent gum formation in fuel. The approved additives are generally phenolic based. Use is mandatory in aviation gasoline. Antioxidants are permitted in civil and military jet fuels. Antioxidants are mandatory in hydroprocessed British and U.S. military jet fuels as well as in international civil Jet A-l. 

Phenylenediamine gasoline antioxidants will discolor paint if allowed to remain on the exterior finish of a vehicle. The PDA antioxidants will react with oxygen to impart a color change to the paint. It is always recommended that gasoline which spills or overflows onto a painted surface be washed off as soon as possible. 

Use Gasoline antioxidant and sweetener (permissible for aviation gasoline, ASTM D910-64T). 

Uses Antioxidant, preservative for foods, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, petroleum prods., jet fuels, lubricants, solvents, hot-melt adhesives, syn. rubbers, plastics (polyamide, polyolefins, POM, PU, PVC, PS), soaps antioxidant for fats, oils, soap antiskinning agent in paints and inks oxidation/gum inhibitor in gasoline antioxidant in fo -contact coatings, food-pkg. adhesives and pressure-sensitive adhesives defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard antioxidant in food-contact mbber articles for repeated use in lubricants for incidental food-con-tact use... 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 750 mg/kg, (oral, mouse) 1700 mg/kg LDLo (IP, rat) 800 mg/kg mod. toxic by ing., IP routes TSCA listed Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of NOx Uses Antiozonant/antioxidant protecting natural rubber and syn. rubbers for dynamically stressed goods, tires styrene polymerization inhibitor gasoline antioxidant and sweetener Manuf./Distrib. ChemService http //www. chemservice. com,... 

Naphthalenol also is used ia the preparation of azo, iadigoid, and nitro, eg, 2,4-dinitro-l-naphthol, dyes, and ia making dye iatermediates, eg, naphtholsulfonic acids, 4-chloro-1-naphthalenol, and l-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. 1-Naphthalenol is an antioxidant for gasoline, and some of its alkylated derivatives are stabilizers for plastics and mbber (68). 

Toluenesulfonic Acid. Toluene reacts readily with fuming sulfuric acid to yield toluene—sulfonic acid. By proper control of conditions, /)i7n7-toluenesulfonic acid is obtained. The primary use is for conversion, by fusion with NaOH, to i ra-cresol. The resulting high purity i7n -cresol is then alkylated with isobutylene to produce 2 (i-dii-tert-huty -para-cmso (BHT), which is used as an antioxidant in foods, gasoline, and mbber. Mixed cresols can be obtained by alkylation of phenol and by isolation from certain petroleum and coal-tar process streams. 

Antioxidants resistant to extraction by lubricants and gasoline are preferred for the stabili2ation of elastomers used in automotive appfications such as gaskets and tubing. Aromatic amine antioxidants, such as A/-phenyl-Ar-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-A-phenylenediamine [100-93-6] (37), with low solubifity in hydrocarbons, are extracted slowly from elastomers and are used for these appfications. 

Fuels, Lubricants, and Transmission Fluids. Polyol esters of neopentanoic acid have been used as high vacuum pumping hquids that are stable in chemically aggressive environments (70). Esters such as 6- -ani1inophenoxy)hexy1 pivalate are used as antioxidants for synthetic ester lubricants (71). PivaUc anhydride [1538-75-6] has been claimed as an antiknock additive for gasoline (72). 

This combination of monomers is unique in that the two are very different chemically, and in thek character in a polymer. Polybutadiene homopolymer has a low glass-transition temperature, remaining mbbery as low as —85° C, and is a very nonpolar substance with Htde resistance to hydrocarbon fluids such as oil or gasoline. Polyacrylonitrile, on the other hand, has a glass temperature of about 110°C, and is very polar and resistant to hydrocarbon fluids (see Acrylonitrile polymers). As a result, copolymerization of the two monomers at different ratios provides a wide choice of combinations of properties. In addition to providing the mbbery nature to the copolymer, butadiene also provides residual unsaturation, both in the main chain in the case of 1,4, or in a side chain in the case of 1,2 polymerization. This residual unsaturation is useful as a cure site for vulcanization by sulfur or by peroxides, but is also a weak point for chemical attack, such as oxidation, especially at elevated temperatures. As a result, all commercial NBR products contain small amounts ( 0.5-2.5%) of antioxidant to protect the polymer during its manufacture, storage, and use. 

Isopropyl Ether. Isopropyl ether is manufactured by the dehydration of isopropyl alcohol with sulfuric acid. It is obtained in large quantities as a by-product in the manufacture of isopropyl alcohol from propylene by the sulfuric acid process, very similar to the production of ethyl ether from ethylene. Isopropyl ether is of moderate importance as an industrial solvent, since its boiling point Hes between that of ethyl ether and acetone. Isopropyl ether very readily forms hazardous peroxides and hydroperoxides, much more so than other ethers. However, this tendency can be controlled with commercial antioxidant additives. Therefore, it is also being promoted as another possible ether to be used in gasoline (33). 

Gasoline is a mixture of different compounds. A typical blend contains nearly 200 different hydrocarbons and additives such as antioxidants and antiknock agents. Thirteen of the chemicals commonly found in gasoline (nine hydrocarbons and four additives) are regulated as hazardous substances under CERCLA. Table 18.1 lists the chemicals along with the values of toxicity, water solubility, vapor pressure, and biodegradability.19... 

Studies of the hydrogenation of aromatic nitroso compounds have rarely been published. One of the earliest studies is the Pd/C catalyzed hydrogenation of p-nitrosothymol to its corresponding amine (100%) in ethanol at 1 atm hydrogen.289 Useful antioxidants and gasoline stabilizers are made from diamines, which can be produced by hydrogenating their relatively easily formed nitroso derivatives.290 As a result, the hydrogenation of 4-nitroso-diphenylamine has been studied more heavily than others.291-293... 

Metal deactivation, in antidegradant selection, 22 787 Metal deactivators antioxidants, 3 115 in gasoline, 22 407 for lubricating oil and grease, 15 221 Metaldehyde, 2 103... 

Antioxidants are used as additives in plastics, rubber, gasoline, lubricating oils, and food products. See autoxidation. 

Uses Wetting agent dyestuffs preparation of phenolic antioxidants plastics, resins, solvent, disinfectant, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, and rubber chemicals manufacturing lubricant and gasoline additive possibly used as a pesticide plasticizers. 

Uses Intermediate for dyes and antioxidants inhibits gum formation in gasoline corrosion inhibiter organic synthesis (preparation of p-phenylenediamine). 

Uses Camphor substitute in celluloid impregnating roofing paper plasticizer in lacquers and varnishes renders acetylcellulose, airplane dope, nitrocellulose, stable and fireproof gasoline additives insecticides floatation agents antioxidants, stabilizers, and surfactants. 

Anisole Additives in gasoline to boost octane, used for the production of dyes, agricultural chemicals and antioxidants. 

Hindered phenol and phenylenediamine (PDA) compounds are commonly used and quite effective at preventing free-radical oxidative degradation of fuel. They can be used in gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and certain distillates and lubricants. Often, a synergistic effect can be obtained by using a combination of a hindered phenol and a phenylenediamine antioxidant in the same application. 

Hindered phenol compounds usually possess alkyl groups on ortho and para sites. The alkyl groups are typically t-butyl or methyl in functionality. The lower cost of hindered phenol antioxidants makes them attractive for use in fuel applications. In gasoline, hindered phenols are typically used at treat rates of 5 to 50 ppm. The limitations placed on jet fuel additives often control the rate at which phenolic antioxidants can be used. 

Perform as an effective substitute for a hindered phenol or phenylenediamine antioxidant in inhibiting free radical reactions in gasoline or jet fuel. 

If a gasoline does not meet this specification, antioxidants can be added to the fuel to provide an increase in induction time. Antioxidant treat rates of 5 to 50 ppm are typical. Also, the addition of a metal deactivator at a 1 to 2 ppm treat rate may improve induction time. 

The ASTM D-4814 gasoline specification requiring an existent gum rating of <5 mg/100 mL of fuel has been established for all gasoline sold in the United States. A similar existent gum rating is in effect worldwide. If gasoline does not meet this specification, the addition of antioxidants will not reduce the existent gum level. Typically, existent gum levels cannot be reduced by chemical additive treatment. 

Removal of existent gums from gasoline cannot be achieved by adding an antioxidant to fuel... 

The formation of additional gums in gasoline can be minimized by treating fuel with an antioxidant... 

CA 46, 1768 (1952). An easily combustible mixture suitable as fuel for incendiary bombs and grenades, flame throwers, etc. Consists of 7-14% volatile hydrocarbon fuel such as gasoline, and 93 to 86% of soap-type gelling agent, which is composed of Al oleate 50-75, Al stearate 25-50, to which is added about 1% of oxy-aromatic antioxident compound... 

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