Growth estimation

In the mid-to-late 1980s, growth estimates of the use of polystyrene and polyurethane ceUular plastic insulation materials and products were a healthy 10% per year and greater for phenoHc (40,41). The principal appHcation where strongest growth was forecast for these types was for roofing, especially single-membrane systems (42). 

Worldwide capacity for production of higher aHphatic carboxyHc acids (predominantiy C8—C18), commonly called fatty acids, is about 3.5 million metric tons, with an additional 400,000 metric tons because of start-up over the next 1—2 years, mostiy in southeast Asia. Worldwide production of these higher (and linear) fatty acids in 1988 was estimated at 2.6 million metric tons, with annual growth estimated at 2—3% (8). U.S. production of these C8—C18 linear acids, including tall oil (9), was reported to be approximately 660,000 metric tons, a figure that would appear to be understated. The use of these fatty acids covets many consumer product and industrial appHcations and historically has correlated well with the GNP in the United States. 

Portable meters for measurement of blood glucose concentrations are used in three major settings (a) in acute and chronic care facilities (at the patient s bedside and in clinics or hospitals) (b) in physicians offices and (c) by patients at home, work, and school. The last, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), used by approximately 1 miUion diabetic patients, is performed in the United States at least once a day by 40% and 26% of individuals with type 1 and 2 diabetes, respectively. The worldwide market for SMBG is 2.7 billion per year, with annual growth estimated at 10% to 12%. ... 

Within this context, it would be interesting to consider potential interactions between nutrient/substrate limitation and UV-B stress. Nutrient additions have been reported to decrease the sensitivity of bacterioplankton production to UVR [91]. As has been demonstrated [106] a large fraction of the bacterioplankton in marine waters is metabolically inactive as a result of substrate limitation. Phytoplankton may also experience nutrient (N, P, Fe) limitation in the open ocean or in a post-bloom situation. Suboptimal metabolic activity in these cells would hamper DNA repair, and would thereby contribute to rapid accumulation of DNA damage in these cells. In turn, damage accumulation would then decrease viability in this fraction of the community. The low repair rates and residual DNA damage levels (morning samples) in combination with low growth estimates in many bacterioplankton field studies seem to support this hypothesis. 

In diffusion Monte Carlo this estimator can be used to construct the growth estimate of the ground state energy. That is, since in that special case G exp(—% ), eigenvalues of the evolution operator and the Hamiltonian are related by... 

Annual growth estimates in the use of LF thermoplastics range from 10% in North America to 25% in Asia, and most of these applications use PP as the base resin [7-38, 7-39, 7-42]. 

Xylitol is a specialty chemical with the effects of extreme cooling, caries prevention and safety for diabetes, which are beneficial for manufacturing foods and mouth-care products. As a platform chemical, it also can be converted to various compounds for polymer synthesis and directly polymerized for production of unsaturated polyester resin (Werpy and Petersen, 2004). Danisco (currently part of Dupont Co.) is the largest xylitol producer, and many companies in China and South America (Brazil) manufacture xylitol commercially. The global market of xylitol is estimated to be more than 125,000 tons per year, with 4.5-5.5/kg for bulk purchase and 20/kg in supermarket (da Silva and Chandel, 2012). Xylitol has a 12% share of the total polyols market with growth estimated to increase threefold (da Silva and Chandel, 2012). The xylitol market continues to increase worldwide due to an enhancement in health consciousness and chewing gum market, and new application development as a chemical feedstock. 

Further information on uses, current volumes, and estimates of growth is available in reference 58. 

Adipic acid is a very large volume organic chemical. Worldwide production in 1986 reached 1.6 x 10 t (3.5 x 10 lb) (158) and in 1989 was estimated at more than 1.9 x 10 t (Table 7). It is one of the top fifty (159) chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, with 1989 production estimated at 745,000 t (160). Growth rate in demand in the United States for the period 1988—1993 is estimated at 2.5% per year based on 1987—1989 (160). Table 7 provides individual capacities for U.S. manufacturers. Western European capacity is essentially equivalent to that in the United States at 800,000 t/yr. Demand is highly cycHc (161), reflecting the automotive and housing markets especially. Prices usually foUow the variabiUty in cmde oil prices. Adipic acid for nylon takes about 60% of U.S. cyclohexane production the remainder goes to caprolactam for nylon-6, export, and miscellaneous uses (162). In 1989 about 88% of U.S. adipic acid production was used in nylon-6,6 (77% fiber and 11% resin), 3% in polyurethanes, 2.5% in plasticizers, 2.7% miscellaneous, and 4.5% exported (160). 

Estimates for a number of economic aspects of plasma fractionation can be made (200—206). The world capacity for plasma fractionation exceeded 20,000 t of plasma in 1990 and has increased by about 75% since 1980, with strong growth in the not-for-profit sector (Fig. 4). The quantity of plasma processed in 1993 was about 17,000 t/yr the commercial sector accounts for about 70% of this, with over 8000 t/yr in the form of source plasma from paid donors (Fig. 5). Plant capacities and throughput are usually quoted in terms of principal products, such as albumin and Factor VIII. These figures may not encompass manufacture of other products. 

Human activity, particularly in the developing world, continues to make it more difficult to sustain the world s biomass growth areas. It has been estimated that tropical forests are disappearing at a rate of tens of thousands of hm per year. Satellite imaging and field surveys show that Brazil alone has a deforestation rate of approximately 8 x 10 hm /yr (5). At a mean net carbon yield for tropical rain forests of 9.90 t/hm yr (4) (4.42 short ton /acreyr), this rate of deforestation corresponds to a loss of 79.2 x 10 t/yr of net biomass carbon productivity. 

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