Fuels potential

The use of nuclear power has been a topic of debate for many years. Nuclear fuel represents a resource for generating energy weU into the future, whereas economically recoverable fossil fuel reserves may become depleted. Worker exposure, injuries, and fataHties in nuclear fuel mining are reportedly far less compared to those associated with recovery and handling of fossil fuels. Potential hazards associated with transporting and storing radioactive wastes do exist, however. 

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by GC/MS, has been used to fractionate and then quantitate the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons present in liquid fuel precursors in order to determine the fuel potential of the compounds. Kerosene had the advantage of not requiring any sample preparation. Other light fuel oils may require the use of methylene chloride as a solvent prior to HPLC analysis (Lamey et al. 1991). The sensitivity, precision, and recovery of this method were not reported. 

This accelerated stability test method is preferred by some fuel refiners and marketers over other test methods used to determine the stability of distillate fuel. The more severe test conditions, relatively short test time period, and similarity of this method to ASTM D-873, Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method) contribute to its acceptance. 

Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)... 

Hydrocarbon (or petroleum) solvents are also used for dry cleaning. From the original Stoddard solvent to Exxon s latest DF 2000 offering, the main drawback has been the fuel potential of hydrocarbon solvents. It was the flammability of Stoddard solvent that turned the industry away from petroleum solvents to the nonflammable halogenated solvents, such as perc, in the first place. Other barriers to the widespread use of petroleum arise over zoning restrictions, taxation, and inevitable regulation related to its use. 

California Energy Commission. (1999), Evaluation of Bio-Mass to Ethanol Fuel Potential in California Report to the Governor, Sacramento, CA. 

Davis, E.A., J.L. Kucster, and M.O. Bagby (1984). Biomass Conversion to Liquid Fuels Potential of Some Arizona Chaparral Brush and Tree Species, Nature 307(5953), p 726-728. 

Briggs, G.B., W.A. Price, A.F. Walsh, K.R. Still, and W.K. Alexander. 1999. Evaluation of JP-8 jet fuel potential to produce male reproductive toxicity using the computer-assisted sperm analysis system. Teratology 59(6) 415. 

Ligno-cellulosic biomass is a resource from which liquid hydrocarbon fuels potentially may be derived. Pyrolyzing the wood yields gas and liquid products, but a relatively large percentage of the original wood carbon can be lost to a low value char by-product. Furthermore, like the model oxygenates described above, the EHI of the pyrolysis liquid products is substantially less than 1. 

However, the biomass declared e.g. herbaceous biomass, energy crops) can be used only once (either thermo-chemical or bio-chemical or physical-chemical). Thus the entire fuel potential amounts for the German example to approximately 1,000 to 1,300 PJ aT (approximately 8% of the present German primary energy consumption). 

The pyrolysis process, which can evidently cope with such diverse materials as paper, plastics, sewage sludge and rubber tyres, involves heating refuse under controlled conditions in the absence of air, when it may be converted into three usable fuel fractions a neutral inflammable gas, a liquid similar to fuel oils and a solid fraction which sometimes has a fuel potential similar to coal. The relative amounts of gas, liquid and solid produced can be varied to some extent,by adjusting the process temperature, which is usually in the range 500-1,000 C. The residual solid char produced is friable and since the... 

Uses Surfactant used with Miranate 899-1 to gel crude oils, kerosene, and diesel fuels potential gelling agent for other org. systems, paints Rhodafac MC470 [Rhodia Novecare]... 

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