Biomass herbaceous

Table 41. Productivity Rates for Productive Herbaceous Biomass Species in Southeast and Midwest, dry t/hm yr ...

Brown, R.C., Radlein, D., Piskorz, J., Pretreatment processes to increase pyrolytic yield of Levoglucosan from herbaceous biomass, chemicals and materials from renewable resources,... 

The correct /V-factor for protein found in herbaceous biomass will likely be different than 6.25. Yet, determining a perfectly accurate N-factor for the complex matrices of biomass feedstock and process samples may not be possible. The challenge is then to determine the most accurate N-factor possible for biomass feedstock and process samples. A strategy based on the consensus in the literature has been incorporated into the portfolio methods. These methods calculate the reasonable N-factor upper and lower limits for a given material. The limits are calculated using data from an amino acid (AA) analysis with multiple hydrolysis times and an accurate total nitrogen analysis substantially similar to the methods described by Mosse.127... 

Detailed chemical analyses of the components in the ash from two woody and one herbaceous biomass samples (Table 3.4) show that many metal oxides... 

Other classes of organic materials, such as alkaloids, pigments, resins, sterols, terpenes, terpenoids, and waxes, and many simple organic compounds are often present in various biomass species, but are not discussed here because they are usually present in very small amounts. The peptides present in herbaceous biomass are also not discussed here because, although the nitrogen and sulfur contents of the biomass should be assessed for certain microbiological processes, the amino acids that make up the proteins are generally not important factors in conversion processes. 

FIGURE 4.9 Woody and herbaceous biomass species recommended for energy feedstock production. From Wright (1994). 

Overall, the research that has been completed in the United States on the development of herbaceous biomass energy crops shows that a wide range of suitable species exist from which good candidates can be chosen for each area. 

TABLE 4.17 Production Costs for Annual Herbaceous Biomass"... 

World population Cereal straw Herbaceous biomass Unsuited hay Total contribution... 

But alt rapidly growing biomass, such as grass, cereals, leaves etc. contains more ashes and heteroatoms such as N, S, Cl, alkali and others, than wood. Ash constituents and volatile heteroatoms are needed in larger concentrations for a fast growth. Especially the ash-, K- and Cl-contents in herbaceous biomass can be higher up to one order of magnitude than in wood without bark. A typical con osition of wood and straw is compared in Table 2 [9, 10],... 

MotIanen, A, Nieminen, M., Sipila, K. Kurkela, E. (1996), Ash Behaviour in Thermal Flutdised-Bed Conversion Processes of Woody and Herbaceous Biomass. Proceedings 9 European Bioenergy Conference, Copenhagen, 2,1227. 

Kaufmann, H. (1997) Chlorine compounds in emissions and residues from the combustion of herbaceous biomass. PhD thesis ETH No 12429. 

Woody and Herbaceous Biomass Feeds how can we study their composition and their pyrolysis products ... 

Davis et al (1985) screened 57 dif rent woody and herbaceous biomass feedstocks for their production of liquid hiel constituents from indirect liquefaction of powdered materials in a fluidized b. Composition metrics in Davis studies were ash, proteins, polyphenols, oil, and hydrocarbon content as defined and measured by the USOA (Ibr example, in Adams, et al, 1986 Buchanan, et al, 1980a Roth et al, 1984 Swanson, et al 1979). We will call the USDA-measured compositions traditional" fcr purposes of this article. These feed compositions were correlated with pyrolysis gas production of hydrogen, CO, CjH4, total olefins, paraffins, and H2/CO ratio using direct regression equations of the quadratic type, but tar/char production was not addressed. 

Ethanol Production from com Production from woody biomass Production from herbaceous biomass... 

Brown, J. R. and Archer, S. (1999). Shrub invasion of grassland recruitment is continuous and not regulated by herbaceous biomass or density. Ecology 80,2385-2396. 

There are two principal limitations of the sickle-bar mower as a harvest implement for herbaceous biomass crops (a) It is designed to operate in relatively low-density stands of plants, and (b), its cutting process is confined... 

Herbaceous biomass that has been solar-dried and baled can be transported to processing or storage sites without appreciable difficulty with existing equipment. However, this can entail a significant cost. Ordinarily such materials would be loaded directly in the field on a low-bed truck. Standard bales (60-80 pounds) can be loaded manually or with mechanical loaders requiring only one laborer on the truck for final positioning of the bales. Bulk bales would be stacked two layers deep on the truck bed with tractor-mounted loaders. The same truck would transport the biomass to a final... 

Table 7.2 shows the present technical biomass potential based on the criteria mentioned above. Considering residues, by-products and waste they are differentiated in herbaceous biomass e.g. straw, landscape conservation material), wood e.g. forest residual wood, industrial residual wood) and other biomass e.g. excrements, organic industrial waste). The forest potentials include the wood not used as a raw material i.e. firewood, forest residual wood) and that share of the annual incremental growth which is not used at the moment. 

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