For rail shipment

The great majority of nuclear shipments are very small in size [less than 0.45 kg (1 lb) per shipment] and total nearly 2.8 million shipments per year (an average of 7656 shipments per day) (51). Spent fuel shipments (material only) typically weigh 0.5-1.0 metric tons for truck shipments and up to 10 metric tons for rail shipments. 

Gaseous helium is authorized for rail shipment in tank cars that comply with TC/DOT specification 107A. DOT regulations require that the pressure to which the containers are charged must not exceed 10 percent in excess of the marked maximum gas pressure at 130°F (54.4°C). 

Gaseous oxygen is authorized for rail shipment in tank cars meeting DOT specification 107 A. 

Thermal drying has been studied in conjunction with a rail shipment of ca 1200 km from North Dakota to Illinois. Oil was appHed at 6-8 L/t to suppress dust loss, and cracks around the doors in the base of the cat were sealed to prevent ignition. Stable shipment and stockpiling were then possible (31). Thermal drying may be carried out to further reduce the moisture content as requited for briquetting or for mote efficient pulverizing and combustion. 

Molten maleic anhydride is shipped in tank rail cars, tank tmcks, and isotanks (for overseas shipments). Tank rail cars are typically constmcted of lined carbon steel and are insulated and equipped with steam coHs. Tank rail cars containing as much as 80 m (20,000 gal) are used. Tank tmcks are typically constmcted of stainless steel [12597-68-1/, insulated, and equipped with steam coHs. Tank tmcks containing up to 17 m (4500 gal) are used. Isotanks are typically constmcted of stainless steel and are insulated and equipped with steam coHs. Isotanks containing up to 17 m are used. 

Mica is shipped by tmck (20.4 t max) or railroad (27.2 t max). Bulk tmckloads and rail shipments, such as palletizing, bagging, and shrink- or stretch-wrappiag, are made to avoid extra costs. Mica is usually palletized and shrink- or stretch-wrapped for shipment. 

MultiwaU. shipping sacks are suitable for transport in aU kinds of carriers from tmcks to seafaring vessels. Particular care must be taken to prevent the storage of objects with sharp projections adjacent to the bags in case of doubt, it is advisable to line the enclosure with kraft paper of a basis weight >23 kg. Additional rules for the transportation of multiwaU sacks are contained in appHcable tariff specifications and should be consulted for rail, tmck, and ocean-going shipments. 

Liquid polyalurninum chloride is acidic and corrosive to common metals. Suitable materials for constmction of storage and handling facilities include synthetic mbber-lined steel, corrosion resistant fiber glass reinforced plastics (FRP), ceramics, tetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE), poly(vinyhdene fluoride) (PVDF), polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVG). Suitable shipping containers include mbber-lined tank tmcks and rail cars for bulk shipment and plastic-lined or aH-plastic dmms and tote bins for smaller quantities. Except for aluminum chlorohydrates, PAG products are shipped as hazardous substances because of their acidity. 

Truck transportation is used to move coal to a transloader for placement onto a water or rail carrier, or for direct shipment to the customer. Trucks have the advantage of routing flexibility and modest capital rcquircliiclits, but coal can be ccoiiniiiically transported for at most about 100 miles (160 km) one-way nr less, due to the high unit cost of moving a low-value product in relatively small batches. 

If the supplier shipped the feedstock immediately, it could arrive in 2 days. He also could delay loading the tank car for 15 days, and the rail shipment could take 5 days. If the order were placed on the Saturday preceding a major holiday, there might be a 3-day delay before the supplier receives it. The maximum time between... 

Molten maleic anhydride is shipped in tank rail cars, tank trucks and isotanks (for overseas shipments). Solid form maleic anhydride is produced from molten maleic anhydride as briquettes or pastille weighing 0.5 to 20 g. Fumaric acid is shipped in solid form, the particles size varying based upon the specification. 

By Truck. Motor vehicle shipment of hazardous materials is covered in Dept of Transportation Tariff No 11 (Ref 4). Motor vehicle shipment is more complex than rail shipment. A train is made up of many cars watched over by an engineer in front and caboose personnel behind. The engineer is in voice communication with the tower the railroad controls traffic over its route and provides trained inspectors. In contrast, each truck is an independent unit. It has no control over traffic on the public highway and the driver must cope with any situation which may arise. Hence, drivers of hazardous materials are given careful training and detailed instructions, and the vehicle is carefully inspected for safety (lights, brakes, etc) and compliance with local laws (wt limit, etc)... 

Close scheduling is recommended for the transport of nitric acid that has a concentration above 99%. For truck shipments the maximum recommended transport time is three (3) days while rail shipments have a recommended transport time of five (5) days97. 

To ensure safe SNF rail shipment, the following technical and organizational measures are taken by PA Mayak and the Federal Agency for Rail Transport ... 

As many margarine plants in the United States are located at considerable distance from their suppliers, truck or rail shipment is required. Loading temperatures and whether the oil must be nitrogen blanketed are specihed. For truck deliveries, the temperature on arrival often is specihed to ensure that the oil is completely liquid. In order to minimize the possibilities for oil degradation, it is optimal to process and deodorize the oil blend at the margarine production location. 

Preparation of blast furnace coke involves the heating of metallurgical coal to 1,000-1,100°C in the absence of air in a battery of refractory brick-lined coke ovens. This is referred to as the by-product coke plant from the association of by-product recovery with coke formation. The coal charge is heated until all of the volatile matter has been vaporized and pyrolysis is complete, a process which takes 16-24 hr. The residual lumps of coke, still hot, are then pushed out of the oven through a quenching shower of water and into a rail car for final shipment. About 700 kg of coke plus a number of volatile products are recovered from each tonne of metallurgical coal heated. More details on the coking process itself are available [40]. 

Transportation/Shipping Facilities such as rail yard, depot, bulk storage area, or a maritime terminal can have a variety of chemicals or hazardous materials. The materials should be packaged, labeled, and sealed for safe shipment and may not be stored for a long time. 

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