Food contact sensitivities

In this chapter, the main analytical techniques and the methods currently employed in industrial and research laboratories for the analysis of important classes of additives are reviewed. The use of both gas chromatographic and liquid chromatographic methods coupled with mass spectrometry features prominently. Such methodology enables the sensitive and specific detection of many types of organic additives in polymeric materials to parts per billion (jig/kg) levels. Much of the development of these methods has been undertaken as part of research into the migration or extraction of species from food-contact and medical materials [5-7], This chapter also includes some discussion on the analysis of residual monomers and solvents. 

Whilst the pigment has a favourable toxicity profile and a long history of application in sensitive applications such as cosmetics and in food-contact applications, in order to meet the requirements of discerning customers practice sustainable procurement and look for products with a beneficial life cycle analysis. This paper, therefore, outlines the results of a study which shows how a commitment to sustainable manufacture is an essential addition to the favourable toxicity profile. Areas for improvement are recognised and options for renewable energy resources are discussed. 

Marzulll, F.N., and Maibach, H.l. The use of graded concentrations In studying skin sensitizers Experimental contact sensitization in man. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12 219-227, 1974. 

In view of the necessity for getting waste disposal under control coupled with the limited fossil raw material resources, biodegradable polymer and in particular polymers from renewable resources will gain importance in the future. In the most sensitive application area, food contact materials and articles, it is possible initially to use these materials in very limited amounts. The easy decomposition of these packaging materials is in opposition with the inertness needed to protect packaged food. These polymers are particularly sensitive to moisture. By finishing operations such as surface treatments, one could improve the inertness of these polymers. However, the degradability would be diminished by such processes. 

Gmeiner M, Demertzis P and Franz R, 1998, Development of a HPLC method for the sensitive determination of carbonyl chloride in polycarbonate for food contact articles. Deutsche Lebensm.-Rdsch. 94 (2), 41-45. 

National legislation on adhesives includes German BfR Recommendation XXVIII (Components of adhesives) and US FDA Title 21 Part 175 on adhesives. Part 175.105 deals with adhesives overall and Part 175.125 deals with pressure-sensitive adhesives. In addition, FDA Part 177.1390 permits the use of certain high temperature laminates that may be safely used for food contact at temperatures up to 275 °F, given that only the specified adhesives are used to bond the layers that make up the laminate. Part 177.1395 permits certain laminates that may be safely used at temperatures between 120 °F and 250 °F. However, it does not specify permitted adhesives. 

Some packaging applications may be particularly sensitive to styrene or other volatile components. SBC and crystal polystyrene blends, even with low residual monomer levels in the polystyrene, may be unacceptable for these applications. In this case one possible solution may be to co-extrude a thin food contact layer on the surface of the blended sheet. Studies have indicated that by co-extruding a thin layer of crystal polystyrene on the surface of an SBC and crystal polystyrene blend, the styrenic volatiles and the odor can be significantly reduced. However, the downside is that the added layer of crystal polystyrene can serve to make the blended part more brittle. Another option that could reduce odor, but not have a deleterious effect on impact, is a thin coextruded layer of PETG [20]. 

This product is approved for use by die FDA in a number of food-contact applications as an Indirect Food Additive, including 21CFR175.105 (Components of Adhesives) 21CFR175.125 (Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives) 21CFR177.2600 (Rubber Articles - Antioxidants) and 21CFR178.2010 (Antioxidants and/or Stabilizers for Polymers). 

FDA approved for food contact. Approved under 21CFR175.105 - adhesives (no limitations), 175.125 - pressure sensitive adhesives (0.1% max.) and 177.2600 - rubber articles intended for repeated use (5% max.). 

Kimber, I., Gerberick, G.F., and Basketter, D.A. (1999). Thresholds in contact sensitization theoretical and practical considerations. Food Chem. Toxicol, 37, 553-560. 

Roed-Petersen J (1976) Contact sensitivity to metaoxedrine. Contact Dermatitis 2 235-236 Roed-Petersen J, Hjorth N (1976) Contact dermatitis from antioxidants. Hidden sensitizers in topical medications and foods. Br J Dermatol 94 233-241 Roed-Petersen J, Menne T (1976) Allergic contact dermatitis and lichen planus from black and white photographic developing. Cutis 18 699-705 Roed-Petersen J, Auken G, Hjorth N (1975) Contact sensitivity to irgasan DP 300. Contact Dermatitis 1 293-294... 

Ryan AJ, Welling PG, Wright SE (1969) Further studies on the metabolism of tartrazine and related compounds in the intact rat. Food Cosmet Toxicol 7 287 Saihan EM, Harman RRM (1978) Contact sensitivity to sorbic acid in Unguentum Merck . Br J Dermatol 99 583-584... 

Uses Used to formulate coatings for paper, glass, plastic, wire screen, and elec, wiring, and in adhesives, wood sealers, paint removers as barrier and release coatings for pressure-sensitive tapes in food-contact coatings, paper/paperboard, closures with sealing gaskets tor food containers... 

Uses Antifoam, defoamer for water-based systems employing resin latex binders, e.g., for pressure-sensitive adhesives, gravure inks, elastomeric coatings, clear finishes, saturants food pkg. adhesives, paper/ paperboard emulsifier in mfg. of food-contact articles defoamer in food-contact coatings, paper/paperboard... 

Uses Defoamer tor syn. latexes, general paints, board coatings, gravure inks, pressure-sensitive adhesives, dear coals, PVAc, vinyl acrylic, acrylic emulsion compds., food-contact coatings/paper food pkg. adhesives Features Emulsitiable... 

Uses Defoamer for stripping and processing carboxylated SBR and PVC emulsions for adhesives, pressure-sensitive adhesives, food pkg. ad-hesives/paper defoamer in food-contact coatings, paper/paperboard Features Readily dispersible more efficient than high-silica defoamers Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 175.105,176.170,176.180,176.200,176.210 Properties Liq. 100% act. 

Uses Defoamer for aq. systems, adhesives, pressure-sensitive adhesives, paints, high-gloss paints, inks, paper coatings, effluent treatment defoamer in food-contact coatings and paper/paperboard food pkg. 3cih6siv6s... 

Chem. Descrip. Water-based two-component silicone o/w emulsion Uses Release coating for general-purpose pressure-sensitive adhesive release applies., providing low release from films and papers of varying porosity, and suitable for food contact in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings... 

CAS 6683-19-8 EINECS/ELINCS 229-722-6 Uses Antioxidant for polyolefins, styrenics, elastomers, adhesives, lubricants, oils, PP, LDPE, LLDPE, HOPE, HIPS, ABS, polyestet EVA, cellu-losics, nylon, polyester, PS, PVC, acetal, EPDM, PU food-contact pressure-sensitive adhesives, coatings, paper, wood preservatives antioxidant for food-grade polymers... 

Chem. Descrip. Alkylated petrol, hydrocarbon resin Uses Adhesives (hot-melt pressure-sensitive, mastic) coatings (aluminum, emulsion, industrial, marine, paper, traffic, wire/cable) inks rubber (cements, mechanical and molded goods, tires) concrete-curing compds. caulking compds. plasticizer, softener, processing aid in rubber compds. food-contact adhesives, rubber articles, wood preservatives... 

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