Custom and practice

A unit used small amounts of sodium sulfite and potassium sulfate. It was custom and practice to call these two chemicals simply sulfite and sulfate. During a busy period someone from another unit was asked to help and was told to prepare a batch of sulfate. The only sulfate he knew was aluminum sulfate, so he prepared a batch of it. Fortunately the error was spotted before the sulfate was used [13]. 

The purpose of the control plant is to maintain a working environment that is acceptable in terms of any statutory regulations and the custom and practice within an industry. The effectiveness of a control system is measured by the amount of dust or fumes it controls. Efficiency, on the other hand, is measured by the amount of power it takes to do the work. It is the job of the dust-control engineer to produce the most effective plant in the most efficient way, and the techniques of control will vary from one industry to another. All control plants will have either four or five elements, as shown in Figure 46.1, i.e. hoods, ducting, fan, collector and disposal. 

Small boiler plants often do not incorporate a DA because of the relatively high capital cost of the equipment, although custom and practice in some countries (notably the United States, Germany, and some... 

All large industrial WT and power boiler plants utilize deaerators and supplement the DO removal process by means of a suitable chemical oxygen scavenger. Many midsize factories operating FT boilers or FT-WT boiler combinations also employ mechanical deaeration. This is especially common in the United States, Germany, and several other industrialized countries where boiler design custom and practice virtually dictate that a deaerator be included in almost every midsize and larger boiler plant facility. 

The amount of information shown on a flow-sheet will depend on the custom and practice of the particular design office. The list given below has therefore been divided into essential items and optional items. The essential items must always be shown, the optional items add to the usefulness of the flow-sheet but are not always included. 

How the business is carried on—methods, business customs, and practices... 

The common law is a system of rules of conduct which have been enforced by courts as legal obligations for the very reason that society has adhered to them as customs and practices over time. 

In short, can the power of the law in a country whose constitution has not been consolidated by a few years of custom and practice be calibrated in the same way as in a country where respect for established legislation, lasting until that legislation is reformed by a legitimate authority, has become one of the primary virtues of the citizen ... 

Our job, they say, is to get stuck in and get the job done, not to fill in forms. In time this macho approach becomes the local custom and practice. 

A phenolic modified resin adhesive was manufactured from gum resin, maleic anhydride, octyl phenol, paraform, calcium acetate and glycerine. The reagents had been added, when it was noticed that the sight glass was cracked. It was replaced with one of weaker construction. The temperature was then raised and in an attempt to control the common problem of foaming in the reactor, it had become the custom and practice of the operators to close partially the valve in the vent line to the catch pot and to increase the jaessure in the reactor. 

Conforming to mandatory and voluntary regulations and standards, incident and injury histories, the courts, and custom and practices. 

COMPATIBILITY. Suitable for and consistent with expectations of individual applications. Warnings should agree with local customs and practices, be consistent in similar situations (standardized), meet requirements of consensus and local standards and be appropriate for a particular application situation. 

The identification of a fracture of a developing bone can be extremely difficult. A radiograph taken of the uninjured side for comparison can be a useful tool. The routine use of comparison radiographs is a more debatable practice. It is possible to find major authorities who would use comparison views liberally (Swischuk 1994) and others who point out limitations of this practice (Ozonoff 1992). Both agree that local custom and practice play a major role in the use of comparison views. 

A word of caution that should be mentioned regarding checklist items. This concerns the inclusion on the lists of mandatory items. The principle behind the scheme is to move from punishment to encouragement, but if items are included on the list that are compulsory (i.e. a disciplinary offence), the use of discipline would be in conflict with the stated aims of the scheme. We would strongly recommend, therefore, that such items should not be included on the checklists. We would, however, allow onto the checklists items that are technically disciplinary, but where custom and practice has been that they have not been the object of disciplinary action. (If it is later decided that they should once again be enforced by disciplinary action, they should be removed from the checklist.)... 

Customs and Practice including standards, guidelines and other information observed as a general practice by process designers and engineers. 

An important task for a LOPA team is to distinguish between those checks that are formally required and those that are carried out as a matter of custom and practice. Checks which are not part of a formal procedure cannot be considered to offer significant risk reduction. For example, where field operators carry out informal checks on tank levels from time to time, the check cannot be considered a valid cross-check because there is no formal requirement to carry it out even though it may offer some risk reduction. Additionally, they may vary over time without requiring any change control. 

Another pan-European questionnaire survey, funded by a European Union Concerted Action grant (the Eurovent survey), was undertaken to survey custom and practice in the different countries (15) to determine if the state of affairs had changed some 10 years after the study by Eauroux et al. (10). 

If there are no local regulatory requirements, has any attempt been made to specify the safety roles, responsibilities and authorities at the various supervisory and management levels within the organisation All too often what actually happens is the acceptance of an unwritten custom and practice. 

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