Food and feed

The trend continues with the biotechnological production of nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients such as beta-glucans, carotenoids, collagen hydrolysates. 

The sales volume of food coloring of 1.6 billion US in 2011 is expected to increase to 2.1 billion US by 2018, growing at 4.3% per annum. In 2011 the natural color market overtook the synthetic color market. The importance of this switch was demonstrated by the removal of blue smarties by Nestle in 2006, because they contained a synthetic colorant [23]. 

Truvia is a natural sweetener from the stevia plant composed of different sweet and bitter glycosides, extracted from leaves but with fermentation processes in development (see Section 27.3.2). 

There are two main reasons why substances classified as fillers are used in agriculture feed supplementation and application of pesticides in granular form. The nutritional applications usually involve calcium carbonate, iron salts, and zinc oxide as feed supplements with the required levels of these three metal salts. 

Calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, kaolin, talc, magnesium carbonate, and zinc oxide are frequently used as nutrient supplements or food diluents. Calcium silicate and fumed silica are used as anticaking agents. They are added in concen- 

Asbestos-free fiber-reinforced brake linings are being improved through a continuous development effort. A review of problems and achievements was recently published. Two types of fillers are used in brake pads particulate fillers and reinforcing fibers. Low cost materials are used as particulate fillers, such as calcium carbonate and barite. Their role is to decrease cost without detracting from the per-foimance of the product. 

Fibers are responsible for strength, thermal stability, and frictional properties. 1,200 fibers have been tested to-date for this application. The major groups include aramid, glass, carbon, steel, and cellulose fibers. Each fiber has its own set of problems in the application. This may be price, low melting point, low friction characteristics, corrosion, abrasion of metal elements, low strength, etc. Studies in this field affect the automotive, land transportation, military, and aerospace industries and are being maintained at a high level to further improve the properties of brake materials. 

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There are thousands of breweries worldwide. However, the number of companies using fermentation to produce therapeutic substances and/or fine chemicals number well over 150, and those that grow microorganisms for food and feed number nearly 100. Lists of representative fermentation products produced commercially and the corresponding companies are available (1). Numerous other companies practice fermentation in some small capacity because it is often the only route to synthesize biochemical intermediates, enzymes, and many fine chemicals used in minor quantities. The large volume of L-phenylalanine is mainly used in the manufacture of the artificial dipeptide sweetener known as aspartame [22389-47-0]. Prior to the early 1980s there was httle demand for L-phenyl alanine, most of which was obtained by extraction from human hair and other nonmicrobiological sources. 

Animal Feed. In animal feeds (1—3% lecithin) lecithin is an emulsifier wetting and dispersiag agent energy source antioxidant surfactant source of choline, organically combiaed phosphoms and iaositol and Hpotropic agent. It is used ia a milk replacer formula for calves (approximately 10,000 t of lecithin ate used for this purpose) and for veal production, ia mineral feeds, poultry feeds, fish foods, pet foods, and feeds for fur-beating animals (30). 

T. Cairns and J. Sherma, eds.. Comprehensive Analytical Profiles of Important Pesticides, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1992, 304 pp. From the series ModemMethods for Pesticide Analysis, provides detailed information on properties and analytical methodology for nine prominent pesticides, pyrethroids, and fumigants in food. Includes formulations and uses, chemical and physical properties, toxicity data, and tolerances on various foods and feeds. Analytical information may be given in enough detail for methods to be carried out without having to consult additional Hterature sources. 

Sorbic acid and its potassium salt, collectively called sorbates, are used primarily in a wide range of food and feed products (63) and to a lesser extent in certain cosmetics (64), pharmaceuticals, and tobacco products. There are limited appHcations of the calcium and sodium salts, but the acid and its potassium salt are used almost exclusively. 

The bulk of the industrial supply of the calcium salt of (R)-pantothenic acid is used in food and feed enrichment. Food enrichment includes breakfast cereals, beverages, dietetic, and baby foods. Animal feed is fortified with calcium-(R)-pantothenate which functions as a growth factor. 

Amino adds are, therefore, important as nutrients (food and feed), as seasoning, flavourings and starting material for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other chemicals. They can be produced in a variety of ways (see Table 8.1) ... 

Residues in many foods should decrease because EPA has canceled many of the food crop uses of methyl parathion, including fruits and vegetables commonly eaten by children, some other vegetable uses, some feed uses, and all nonfood uses such as ornamental plants and nursery stock uses. Tolerances for methyl parathion on these foods and feed also have been canceled. This action was taken because of a concern for risks to children and workers. Some food and feed uses and tolerances are to be maintained. 

Corneliussen PE. 1970. Residues in food and feed Pesticide residues in total diet samples (V). Pestic Monit 14 89-105. 

Patent Data Related to Extraction, Purification, and Formulation of Carotenoid Pigments for Food and Feed Applications... 

Bauerfeind, J.C., Carotenoid vitamin A precursors and analogs in foods and feeds, J. Agric. Food Chem., 20, 456, 1972. 

F.A. Gunther, (ed.), Residue Reviews (Residues of Pesticides and Other Foreign Chemicals in Foods and Feed), Academic Press, New York, and Springer, Berlin (1962) (subsequent volumes are up to Vol. 171, 2001, edited by G. Ware). 

Best practices in the generation and analysis of residues in crop, food and feed... 

ERA Food and Feed Crop Dictionary http //www.epa.gov/opphed01/foodfeed/-old/lookatX.htm... 

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