Vitamin carotenoids

Rich sources of vitamin A include dairy products such as milk cheese, butter, and ice cream. Eggs as well as internal organs such as the Hver, kidney, and heart also represent good sources. In addition, fish such as herring, sardines, and tuna, and in particular the Hver oil from certain marine organisms, are excellent sources. Because the vitamin A in these food products is derived from dietary carotenoids, vitamin A content can vary considerably. Variation of vitamin A content in food can also result from food processing and in particular, oxidation processes (8). 

Bauerfeind, J.C., Carotenoid vitamin A precursors and analogs in foods and feeds, J. Agric. Food Chem., 20, 456, 1972. 

Seddon, J. M., U. A. Ajani et al. (1994). Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye disease case-control study group. JAMA 272(18) 1413-1420. 

Seddon, JM, Ajani, UA, Sperduto, RD, Hiller, R, Blair, N, Burton, TC, Farber, MD, Gragoudas, ES, Haller, J, Miller, DT, Yannuzzi, LA, and Willett, W, 1994. Dietary carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. J Am Med Assoc 272, 1413-1420. 

Zechmeister, L. Cis-Trans isomeric carotenoids, vitamins A and arylpolyenes. Wien Springer 1962... 

In the enterocyte, provitamin A carotenoids are immediately converted to vitamin A esters. Carotenoids, vitamin A esters, and other lipophilic compounds are packaged into chylomicrons, which are secreted into lymph and then into the bloodstream. Chylomicrons are attacked by endothelial lipoprotein lipases in the bloodstream, leading to chylomicron remnants, which are taken up by the liver (van den Berg and others 2000). Carotenoids are exported from liver to various tissues by lipoproteins. Carotenes (such as (3-carotene and lycopene) are transported by low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), whereas xanthophylls (such as lutein, zeax-anthin, and (3-cryptoxanthin) are transported by high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and LDL (Furr and Clark 1997). 

L. Zechmeister, Cis-Trans Isomeric Carotenoids, Vitamins A, and Arylpolyenes, Academic Press, New York, 1962. 

Various factors are required for regular fat digestion. Sublingual lipase and eventually a gastric lipase — which are both stable in an acidic environment — start digesting dietary fats in the stomach. In the intestine, pancreatic bicarbonate as well as bile acids are essential for emulsification of fats and fat-soluble substances which are then cleaved by pancreatic lipases. The cleavage products are incorporated into micelles and can then penetrate the unstirred water layer (UWL) which covers the intestinal surface. There, they can deliver the cleavage products of dietary fats as well as fat-soluble substances (e.g., carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin A) to the luminal surface of the enterocytes. 

Spiraea salicifolia L. S. salicifolia L. var. grosseserrata Liou Liou fil. S. salicifolia L. var. oligodonta Yu Xiu Xian Jiu (Bridal wreath) (whole plant) Flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin C, alkaloids, seed oil.33 Diuretic, treat cough, pain, monthly period, constipation. 

The A group of vitamins are important metabolites of carotenoids. Vitamin A, (retinol) (Figure 5.70) effectively has a diterpene structure, but it is derived in mammals by oxidative... 

Berry fruits have been shown to contain high levels of antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, vitamins, phenols, flavonoids, dietary glutathione, and endogenous metabolites. 

Hirvonen T Virtamo J, Korhonen P et al. Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, Vitamin C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Stroke 2000 3 1 2301 —2306. 

Vitamins are essential nutrients, which must be supplied exogenously. They are organic compounds with indispensable biological activities as coenzymes in a multitude of cellular metabolic processes. Vitamin A, retinoids (vitamin A-derivatives), carotenoids, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K are fat-soluble, vitamin C and vitamins of the B-complex are water-soluble. This is of importance for gastrointestinal absorption in oral supplementation as well as the transdermal penetration for topical applications. 

Zechmeister L. Cis-trans Isomeric Carotenoids, Vitamin A, and Arylpolyenes. New York Academic Press, 1962. 

Rock, C.L. et al., Carotenoids, vitamin A, and estrogen receptor states in breast cancer, Nutr. Cancer, 25, 281, 1996. 

Lycopene has been reported to increase the survival rate of mice exposed to x-ray radiation (Forssberg et al., 1959). Ribaya-Mercado et al. (1995) reported on the protective effects of lycopene toward oxidative stress-mediated damage of the human skin upon irradiation with UV light. Peng et al. (1998) examined the levels of different carotenoids, including lycopene, and vitamins A and E in plasma and cervical tissues obtained from 87 women subjects (27 cancerous, 33 precancerous and 27 noncancerous). Women with cancer had lower plasma levels of lycopene, other carotenoids, vitamin A and E compared to pre- and noncancerous women. The... 

Vegetables 3 Carotenoids Vitamin C <3 Alcohol 1 Heat processing High calorie content Obesity... 

---