Food and agriculture industries

The growth of industrial scale biotransformation processes has increased significantly over recent years with more than 130 reported in 2002 [1]. Major activity is focussed on the production of chiral pharmaceuticals although a number of large scale industrial processes have been developed for the food and agricultural industries. 

P. J. Barker, H. J. Stronks 1990, (Application of the low resolution pulsed NMR MINISPEC to analytical problems in the food and agriculture industries), in NMR Applications in Biopolymers, eds. 

The original applications of NIR were in the food and agricultural industries where the routine determination of the moisture content of foodstuffs, the protein content of grain and the fat content of edible oils and meats at the 1% level and above are typical examples. The range of industries now using the technique is much wider and includes pharmaceutical, polymer, adhesives and textile companies. The first in particular are employing NIR spectrometry for the quality control of raw materials and intermediates and to check on actives and excipients in formulated products. Figure 9.26(b) demonstrates that even subtle differences between the NIR spectra of enantiomers can be detected. 

The suitability of gas absorption as a pollution control method is generally dependent on the following factors (1) availability of suitable solvent (2) required removal efficiency (3) pollutant concentration in the inlet vapor (4) capacity required for handling waste gas and (5) recovery value of the pollutant(s) or the disposal cost of the unrecoverable solvent. Impingement plate scrubbers are typically used in the food and agriculture industry, and at gray iron foundries. 

Application of the loss-on-drying method is found in the pharmaceutical, food, and agricultural industries. 3.6.1.2 Loss on Ignition... 

Extensional rheometry represents an increasingly important research tool fc - our understanding of dough quality. Results are of interest to both the food and agricultural industries. 

It is highly desirable to seek the cooperation of the food and agriculture industries. Of particular benefit would be encouraging selective breeding of lean animals, to the extent feasible, reduction in the use of chemicals with known or suspected adverse effects, and the promotion of nutritionally more desirable products ... 

The application of chemometrics in near-infrared spectroscopy is finding widespread use in many different industries for monitoring the identity and quality of raw materials and finished products in the food and agricultural industry [46], polymer, pharmaceutical, and organic chemical manufacturing industries [18, 47],... 

These agglomeration and coating technologies, which are established and well experienced in the pharmaceutical area, have been extended to other areas such as food and agricultural industries. However, the current fluidization technology has a limit in the size of the particles that can be processed. The extension of the size limit to a smaller range will lead to the wider applications. From practical aspects, the fluidized bed processes will be described below. 

Parpia, H.A.B. Food and Agriculture Industries Service, Agricultural Services Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via Delle Terme Di Caracalla, Rome, Italy (19, 75 21, 223)... 

Most recent evidence indicates that DFAs can even protect the intestinal tract against agressive agents favor the assimilation of antioxidants, and act as a druglike food for the treatment of colon ailments such as inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease). The development of efficient methodologies for the preparation of DFA-enriched caramels, compatible with the food and agricultural industry regulations, may lead to new natural functional foods and nutraceuticals based on DFAs in the near future. 

On the other hand, the equipment and technology used for offensive biological weapons research is no different from that used in legitimate biomedical research anywhere in the world. Equipment for processing and production of such agents is found in such diverse industries as wine and beer manufacture, pharmaceutical research and development, and the food and agriculture industries.17 Few items need to be purchased from the outside, and simple fermentation media are easy to make.20... 

One product made directly by the fermentation of starch, cyclodextrin, is especially interesting as a fermentation product In 1998 the global market was estimated between 1800 and 3600tormes. As stated by the company, Wacker Chemie had at that time a production capacity of 3000 tonnes. Today, 10 years later, they have increased their production capacity to 7500 tonnes of cydodextrins a year. These molecules are used as stabilizers and exdpients in the pharmaceutical, life sdence, cosmetics, food, and agricultural industries. 

The use of essential oils was exploited in several industries however, the extreme utilization rate of essential oils was reported to have in aroma and flavor industries [39]. Essential oils have been used widely in industries [39, 44, 49, 50]. Also, the role of essential oil components has been exploited vigorously in several beneficial industries to secure the antimicrobial efficacy in food and agricultural industries [43, 51]. Combinations of various essential oils with natural and herbal forms are also available in the market for their practical utilization [39, 52, 53]. 

Electrofocusing has been widely used for separation and identification of serum proteins. It is being used by the food and agricultural industries, forensic and human genetics laboratories, and for research in enzymology, immunology and membrane biochemistry etc. 

It is generally recognized that the history of the application of NIR to the food and agricultural industry began with Karl Norris at the USDA. In fact, Karl Norris work was instrumental in the major renaissance of the NIR spectral region, especially with regard to its application to direct, solids-sampling measurements. 

The use of modem NIR in the pharmaceutical industry began soon after its use in the food and agricultural industries. Early applications included the measurement of moisture, particle size, the determination of composition, and identification of raw materials. 

Bioadsorption can be described as the removal of substances from solution by biomass materials. The biomass materials that have been investigated in bioadsorption studies come under the following categories bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, waste materials of the food and agricultural industry, lichens and other polysaccharides. 

Section II is devoted exclusively to polysaccharide systems, but includes a fairly broad variety of polymers and applications. Kennedy et al. describe some industrially important polysaccharides, while Morris covers various bacterial-derived polysaccharides used in the food and agricultural industries. Carraher et al. describe some tin modified dextrans in the third Chapter of this Section. Some acidic, heparin-like, polysaccharides are described in the following Chapter (Linhardt, et al.) then Kobayashi reveals some cellulose derivatives which form liposomes and membranes. The final three papers of this Section deal with chitin and chitosan systems. Alkaline chitosan gels are presented by Hirano et al. Kikuchi and Kubota then describe some polyelectrolytes derived from chitosan derivatives. Finally, Seo and lijima consider the sorption behavior of chitosan gels. 

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