Crohn s disease

Crofting Cr(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 3P120 Crohn s disease Cr203 xH20 Croissant dough Cromacheck... 

The first human kidney and bone marrow transplants using cyclosporine were reported in 1978. Oral or intravenous cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant for transplantation of these and other organs and investigations are underway for its possible use in a variety of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, severe psoriasis, and Crohn s disease. Dose-dependent nephrotoxicity (261—264) remains the primary limitation of the dmg and necessitates close monitoring of patients, including measurement of dmg levels in blood. Cyclosporine research has been reviewed (265—274). 

Hematologic diseases autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, pernicous anemia Kidney disease Goodpasture syndrom, lipoid nephroses, minimal change glomerulonephritis Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, autoimmune atrophic gastritis, Crohn s disease, ulcerative colitis... 

Inflammatory and immune diseases Autoimmune disease (A,I), asthma (A), osteoarthritis (I), rheumatoid arthritis (I), septic shock (A,I), infections (A,I), familial cold auto-inflammatory syndrome (I), Muckle Wells syndrome (I), chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome/neonatal onset multisystemic inflammatory disease (CINCA/NOMID) (I), Crohn s disease (I), gout (I), acute renal failure (A,l)... 

OA were aborted in 2003 due to the development of mild to moderate liver fibrosis in dogs treated for 9 months with high doses of pralnacasan. This was in spite of recent evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of pralnacasan treatment in the acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model, which resembles Crohn s disease (CD) characteristics, and in transient ischemia induced brain damage. 

ALT, alanine aminotransferase ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protei containing a CARD AST, aspartate aminotransferase CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domains CD, Crohn s disease COP, CARD-only protein DD, death domain DED, death effector domains DIABLO, direct LAP-binding protein with low pi... 

The antibodies are used to treat Crohn s disease, Psoriasis (including Psoriasis arthritis), Spondylitis ankylosans, and rheumatoid arthritis. Side effects... 

Recombinant soluble TNF-RI-IgGl fusion protein Etanercept, Enbrel is a chimeric molecule consisting of the extracellular domain of the TNF receptor I (TNF-RI) and the Fc portion of human IgGl. Two Fc domains are bound to each other via disulfide bonds, thereby yielding dimers with two binding sites for the TNF trimer. Etanercept binds with high affinity to extracellular TNF and reduces TNF activity. Etanercept is not effective in Crohn s disease, possibly because it does not lead to destiuction of membrane TNF-a expressing cells. Indications and side effects are similar to those of Infliximab and Adalimumab. 

Human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (Fig. 1) is a hormone-like proinflammatory peptide belonging to the group of cytokines. It is mainly produced by cells of the immune system in response to infection, inflammation, or cell damage. Disregulated TNF is an important factor in many pathological situations, like sqDsis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn s disease), and Cachexia. The cytotoxic activity of TNF is of interest in development of new antitumoral strategies. 

TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine exerting a wide range of cellular responses, that affect biological processes such as lipid metabolism, coagulation, and insulin resistance and the function of endothelial cells. As a major proinflammatory cytokine TNF is also involved in progression of diseases like cancer, Alzheimer, Diabetes type II, cardiovascular, pulmonary or neurological disorders, and many autoimmune diseases. Blocking the action of TNF clearly reduces its inflammatory potential on various autoimmune disorders like Crohn s disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis. 

Adalimumab (Humira ) is a folly human anti-TNF monoclonal antibody that is mainly used in combination with methotrexate to treat rheumatoid arthritis in adults [3]. Meanwhile, it is also used against arthritis of psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis. Its therapeutic value in Crohn s disease is under clinical trial. 

Crohn s disease, rheumatoid arthritis Treatment of active to moderate ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis, or proctitis... 

Bismudi subsalicylate is used in combination witii otiier dru > to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers caused by H. pylori bacteria Mesalamine is used in the treatment of chronic inflammatoiy bowel disease Misoprostol is used to prevent gastric ulcers in those taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory dragp in high doses for a prolonged time Olsalazine is used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in those allergic to sulfasalazine. Sulfasalazine is used in the treatment of Crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis. Sucralfate is used in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. 

Use treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (ulcerative colitis, Crohn s disease)... 

Rice bran fiber has fructo-oligosaccharides - a pre-biotic that helps friendly bacteria to proliferate in the gastrointestinal environment and improves intestinal and colon health (Tomlin and Read, 1988). Recent studies in humans (Kahlon and Chow, 1997) have revealed that rice bran fiber not only normalizes bowel function, but also helps in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Crohn s disease, and lowers the lipid levels. Rice bran fiber has been shown to significantly reduce renal stones (Jahnen et al., 1992). It is a good source of fiber in weight loss programs and therapeutic fiber diets for diabetics and heart patients. Fiber diets prevent cancer of the colon and large bowel, control obesity and improve bowel function. 

A structural study on lipid A and the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopoly-saccharide from a clinical isolate of Bacteroides vulgatus from a patient with Crohn s disease was conducted by Hashimoto and coworkers [39]. They separated two potent virulence factors, capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from a clinical isolate of B. vulgatus and characterized the structure of CPS. Next, they elucidated the strucmres of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) and lipid A in the LPS. LPS was subjected to weak acid hydrolysis to produce the lipid A fraction and polysaccharide fraction. Lipid A was isolated by PLC, and its structure was determined by MS and NMR. 

ROM production by peripheral blood monocytes Production of ROM by peripheral blood monocytes in response to a variety of stimuli is increased in patients with active IBD (Table 10.2), su esting that such cells may respond to local stimulants within the gut more readily than in normal subjects or those with quiescent disease, and so may play a role in perpetuating the inflammatory response, cent studies have su ested that peripheral blood monocytes in Crohn s disease may be primed by the baaerial cell wall products LPS and peptidoglycanpolysaccharide (Muraki et al., 1992). 

Anton, P.A., Targan, S.R. and Shanahan, F. (1989). Increased neutrophU receptors for and response to the proinflammatory bacterial peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in Crohn s disease. Gastroenterology 97, 20-28. 

Baldassano, R.N., Schreiber, S., Johnston, R.B. and MacDermott, KP. (1991). Increased respiratory burst activity from Crohn s disease peripheral blood mononuclear ph o-cytes. Gastroenterology 100, A559. 

Burdelski, M., Oellericch, M., Pippenger, C.E., Meng, X., Rodeck, B., Latta, A. and Kucher, K. (1990). Free radical scavenging enzyme activities in erythrocytes of paediatric patients with Crohn s disease. In Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy (ed. C. J. Williams), pp. 453-454. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Lancaster. 

Phase II trial of copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in treatment of Crohn s disease. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 7, 145-149. 

Kayaba, Y., Hiwatashi, N., Toyota, T. and Majima, T. (1991). Studies on functions of peripheral phagocytes from patients with Crohn s disease - with special reference to expressions of IgG Fc receptors and chemiluminescence. Gastroenterology 100, A589. 

Munck, A., Therond, P., Cezard, J.P., Demelier, J.P. and Navarro, J. (1991). Oxidative metabolism in children with active or quiescent Crohn s disease. Gastroenterology 100, A234. 

Okabe, N., Kuriowa, A., Fujita, K., Shibuya, T., Yao, T. and Okumura, M. (1986). Immunolt cal studies on Crohn s disease. (vi) Increased chemiluminescent response of peripheral blood monocytes. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 21, 11-15. 

Verspaget, H.W., Mieremet-Ooms, M.A.C., Weterman, I.T. and Pena, A.S. (1984). Partial defect of neutrophil oxidative metabolism in Crohn s disease. Gut 25, 849-853... 

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