Utilization rate

Furthermore, the limiting utility rates for any given temperature of approach at the pinch, can be found from the temperature—enthalpy... 

The state-of-the-art i -Si H films (Table 3) are deposited at the rate of 1—3 A/s with the gas utilization rate on the order of 15%. Larger gas utilization rates, hence larger deposition rates, usually result in inferior properties than those indicated in Table 3. Increasing the deposition rate by merely increasing the power leads to dust formation. The use of higher excitation frequency can lead to deposition rates in excess of 15 A/s and still give relatively good film properties (7). 

Using the cash flows derived from the increasing utility rates, calculating the rate-of-return would show 33.8% for a one-stage unit and 35.5% for a two-stage unit. The corresponding payback periods are 3.7 years and 3.4 years. 

Based on a 1998 U.S. Government national average cost of 8.42c per kWh for electricity. Your actual operating cost will vary depending on your local utility rates and your use of the product. 

Figure 7. Muscle glycogen utilization rates at various exercise intensities expressed as a percentage of VO2 max. VL, vastus lateralis SOL, soleus CAST, gastrocnemius. Redrawn from Costill etal.(1971), Hermansen etal. (1967), Saltin and Karlsson (1971), and Sherman et al. (1981).

At this moment, the price of the used granular PCM exceeds 10 EURO/kg due to the test production stage. Our calculation showed the cost payback time can be less than 10 years when the PCM cost would be reduced to 4 EURO/kg under the electrical utility rate condition in Japan. Further cost reduction will be needed to promote the actual system. In addition we have to care of flammability of paraffin wax as PCM in use of inside the buildings. Fortunately, PCM is placed under the OA floor board made of fireproof cement-mortal and above the concrete slab in this system. It may not have any problems under the Fire Defense Law in Japan. However, further development of noninflammable PCM granules, for example micro encapsulation of mixture of inorganic and organic PCM, is required. 

The major disadvantage to electrolytic recovery is high energy cost. Energy costs will vary, of course, with cathode efficiencies and local utility rates.22... 

Maximum utilization rate of specific soluble organics (km)... 

FIGURE 27.13 Specific soluble organics utilization rate versus the limiting soluble organic concentration. 

U Specific soluble organics (i.e., substrate) utilization rate, the change of soluble organics... 

Everyone is predicting that utility rates will rise, but how much is uncertain. In general they have not risen as much as the cost of living. A 3% rise per year will be assumed. Then the total utilities cost in 1974 will be 0.00100/lb P.S. 

For R. erythropolis KA2-5-1, DBT and 2-aminoethanesulfonicacid were compared as the sole sulfur source for growth with ethanol as carbon source. The 2-aminoethanesulfonicacid was found to be a better sulfur source (for growth) than DBT [189], A summary of the various studies investigating biocatalyst production are given in Table 10. It is clear that a balance between the growth rate and the sulfur utilization rate is necessary to obtain an optimum biocatalyst. Preventing accumulation of sulfate is the key to optimum activity of the final biocatalyst preparation. Thus, a... 

FIGURE 4.21 Each line represents a decrease of cost attributed to purchasing, depreciating, and operating an LCnMS system at the utilization rate. The system is assumed to operate as an LQMS system at other times. 

In the following, the basic principle of the flexible recipes is presented. To keep the explanations simple, we consider only one single type of end product that is produced from one single raw material on one resource at a specific location during a given period. Required are the maximum process throughput of the resource measured in tons of output per hour and the input of raw material and output of finished products, respectively. In many types of chemical mass production, raw material consumption depends on the utilization rate of the equipment employed. Hence, linear recipe functions can be derived, which indicate the input of raw material required to produce the desired amount of output. 

When hydrogen is produced from water, it takes 50-kW of power costing about 2.50 per kg of hydrogen at present utility rates. This does not include other costs such as physical plants, storage facilities and transportation. 

While the consideration of nonflammability and SEI stability favors a high concentration of these organophosphorus compounds in electrolytes, the capacity utilization, rate capabilities, and low-temperature operation require that they be used at minimal concentrations. A compromise would be reached between 15 and 20% TFP or BMP in a binary 1.0 M LiPFe in EC/EMC (1 1) system or at higher than 30% in a ternary 1.0 M LiPFe in PC/EC/EMC (1 1 3) system. Such electrolytes are completely or at least nearly nonflammable. To further alleviate the above tradeoff, Xu et al. suggested that new cosolvents of higher flame retarding ability should be tailor-made. 

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