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Parenteral vehicle

A major class of nonaqueous solvents is the fixed oils. The USP [1] recognizes the use of fixed oils as parenteral vehicles and lists their requirements. The most commonly used oils are corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil. Because fixed oils can be quite irritating when injected and may cause sensitivity reactions in some patients, the oil used in the product must be stated on the label. [Pg.395]

One must also remember that precipitation can occur on dilution with other intraverarixili Investigation of dilution in common parenteral vehicles, for example, normal saline, 5% dextrose solution, or likely coadminstered drug products should be conducted for solubility and stability purposes before recommending such procedures. Phlebitis, hemolysis, and pain on injection are also issues for parenteral formulations containing cosolvents. [Pg.180]

Cherng-Chyi Fu, R, Lidgate, D.M, Whatley, J.L, and McCullough, T. The biocompatibility of parenteral vehicles-ifi vitro/in vivcscreening comparison and the effect of excipients on hemolysis,... [Pg.193]

Medlicott,N. J., Foster, K. A., Audus, K. L., Gupta, S., and Stella, V. J. (1998), Comparison of the effects of potential parenteral vehicles for poorly water soluble anticancer drugs (organic cosolvents and cyclodextrin solutions) on cultured endothelial cells (HUV-EC), J. Pharm. Sci., 87,1138-1143. [Pg.435]

Hincal AA, Long DF, Repta AJ. Cis-platin stability in aqueous parenteral vehicles. J Parent Drug Assoc 1979 33 107-116. [Pg.425]

Tarr, B.D. Yalkowsky, S.H. A new parenteral vehicle for the administration of some poorly water soluble anti-cancer drugs. J. Parenteral Sci. Technol. 1987, 41, 31-33. Rajagopalan, N. Dicken, C.M. Ravin, L.J. Stemson, L.A. A study of the solubility of amphotericin B in nonaqueous solvent systems. J. Parenteral Sci. Technol. 1988, 42, 97-102. [Pg.1278]

Hem SL, Bright DR, Banker GS, Pogue JP. Tissue irritation evaluation of potential parenteral vehicles. Drug Dev Commun 1974-75 1(5) 471-477. [Pg.275]

Fu RC-C, Lidgale DM, Whately JL, McCullough T. The biocompatibilily of parenteral vehicles—in vilro/in vivo screening comparison and the effect of excipients on hemolysis. J Parenteral Sci Tech 1987 41 164-168. [Pg.234]

Intravenous aqueous injections provide an excellent means of achieving a rapid therapeutic response. Parenteral product design, eg, vehicle and other excipient selection, as well as choice of route of adrninistration, can prolong therapeutic activity and increase onset times. Thus, oily solutions, suspensions, or emulsions can be adrninistered by subcutaneous or intramuscular routes to create prolonged effect, ie, depot injection (28). [Pg.233]

It should be pointed out that cubic phases, such as the one discussed in this work, frequently occur in lipid-water systems (77), and the concept of using cubic phases as drug vehicles is therefore not limited to the use of monoolein only. From a toxicological stand-point, it is tempting to try to use membrane lipids, such as phospholipids, instead of monoolein for parenteral depot preparations (18-20). [Pg.262]

In contrast, parenteral suspensions have relatively low solids contents, usually between 0.5 and 5%, with the exception of insoluble forms of penicillin in which concentrations of the antibiotic may exceed 30%. These sterile preparations are designed for intramuscular, intradermal, intralesional, intraarticular, or subcutaneous injection. Syringeability is an important factor to be taken into consideration with injectable dosage forms. The viscosity of a parenteral suspension should be sufficiently low to facilitate injection. Common suspending vehicles include preserved isotonic saline solution or a parenterally acceptable vegetable oil. Ophthalmic and optic suspensions that are instilled into the eye/ear must also be prepared in a sterile manner. The vehicles are essentially isotonic and aqueous in composition. The reader should refer to Chapter 12 for further discussion on parenteral products. [Pg.264]

Two basic methods are used to prepare parenteral suspensions (a) sterile vehicle and powder are combined aseptically, or (b) sterile solutions are combined and the crystals formed in situ. Examples of these procedures may be illustrated using Penicillin G Procaine Injectable Suspension USP and Sterile Testosterone Injectable Suspension USP. [Pg.397]

An example of the second method of parenteral suspension preparation is testosterone suspension. Here, the vehicle is prepared and sterile-filtered. The testosterone is dissolved separately in acetone and sterile-filtered. The testosterone-acetone solution is aseptically added to the sterile vehicle, causing the testosterone to crystallize. The resulting suspension is then diluted with sterile vehicle, mixed, the crystals allowed to settle, and the supernatant solution siphoned off. This procedure is repeated several times until all the acetone has been removed. The suspension is then brought to volume and filled in the normal manner. [Pg.397]

Vehicles. Ophthalmic drops are, with few exceptions, aqueous fluids using purified water USP as the solvent. Water for injection is not required as it is in parenterals. Purified water meeting USP standards may... [Pg.459]

When oils are used as vehicles in ophthalmic fluids, they must be of the highest purity. Vegetable oils such as olive oil, castor oil, and sesame oil have been used for extemporaneous compounding. These oils are subject to rancidity and, therefore, must be used carefully. Some commercial oils, such as peanut oil, contain stabilizers that could be irritating. The purest grade of oil, such as that used for parenteral products, would be advisable for ophthalmics. [Pg.460]

Solubility/miscibility Generally very soluble or miscible in water. Soluble in ethanol, com oil, and olive oil. Insoluble in mineral oil Biological considerations Surfactant. May cause micelle formation, with incumbent effects on bioavailability if included at concentrations of 1% or higher. May be associated with irritation if given intravenously or intramuscularly. Dogs have the peculiarity that Tweens injected parenterally induce the spontaneous systemic release of histamine. This response is particularly striking with IV injection, and therefore Tweens should not be used as components of IV vehicles in dogs... [Pg.500]

In most cases, ointments, suppositories, ophthalmic, and parenteral products assume the color of their ingredients and do not contain color additives. In addition to esthetics and the certification status of a dye, a formulation pharmacist must select the dyes to be used in a particular formula on the basis of the physical and chemical properties of the dyes available. Of prime importance is the solubility of a prospective dye in the vehicle to be used for a liquid formulation or in a solvent to be employed during a pharmaceutical process (such as when the dye is sprayed on a batch of tablets). In general, most dyes are broadly grouped into those that are water-soluble and those that are oil-soluble few, if any, dyes are both. [Pg.394]

Parenterais The most important criterion for parenterals is that they have to be sterile for injection or infusion administration. Excipients are added to make parenterals isotonic with blood, improve solubility, and control pH of the solution. The solvent vehicles include water-for-injection, sterile sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or calcium chloride solution, and nonaqueous solvents such as alcohol, glycol, and glycerin. Preservatives, antioxidants, and stabilizers are normally added to enhance the properties of the drug product. [Pg.350]

A parenteral, depot antipsychotic is one that can be administered in such a way that, after a single dose, a therapeutically efficient tissue concentration of at least 1 week s duration is achieved (251,252). Slow release of the active drug is produced by combining the base antipsychotic with a fatty acid (decanoic acid). The alcohol group of the antipsychotic is esterified by the acid, producing a lipophilic compound whose solubility in oil is increased. An oil, usually sesame, is then used as a vehicle for intramuscular injection, where the ester, which is not pharmacologically active, is hydrolyzed by tissue esterases, slowly releasing the active compound. An alternative technique is the use of microspheres (e.g., risperidone). [Pg.71]

Category I la. Injections, other parenterals including emulsions, otic, sterile nasal products, and ophthalmic products made with aqueous bases or vehicles... [Pg.835]

Diazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam are used for preanesthetic medication and as adjuvants during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia. As a result of their sedative, anxiolytic, and amnestic properties, and their ability to control acute agitation, these compounds are considered to be the drugs of choice for premedication. (The basic pharmacology of benzodiazepines is discussed in Chapter 22.) Diazepam and lorazepam are not water-soluble, and their intravenous use necessitates nonaqueous vehicles, which cause pain and local irritation. Midazolam is water-soluble and is the benzodiazepine of choice for parenteral administration. It is important that the drug becomes lipid-soluble at physiologic pH and can readily cross the blood-brain barrier to produce its central effects. [Pg.551]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.320 ]




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