Oils, fixed volatile

Oleoresin. Natural oleoresins are exudates from plants, whereas prepared oleoresins are solvent extracts of botanicals, which contain oil (both volatile and, sometimes, fixed), and the resinous matter of the plant. Natural oleoresins are usually clear, viscous, and light-colored Hquids, whereas prepared oleoresins are heterogeneous masses of dark color. 

N.A. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Glucoside apocynamarin, a bitter principle cymarin, apocynein, apocynin, volatile oils, fixed oils, caoutchouc.100 For rheumatism, scrofula and syphilis. 

VOLATILE OILS. The volatile oils are distinguished from the fixed oils by the fact that a drop of one of the former does not leave a spot on papei Members of certain plant families, such as the Labiatae, contain a larger percentage of such oils than do other families. But volatile oils are in no sense restricted to any small group, nor are they found only in certain tissues. Sometimes, certain parts may be principally used for the oils, as the seeds of the Umbelliferae. 

Fixed oil and volatile oil Euphorbiaceae Emblica officinalis Mathur et al. (1996) Jacob et al. (1988)... 

The dried inner bark of cinnamon and cassia contains volatile oil, fixed oil, tannin, resin,... 

The mace oleoresin is amber to dark red in colour 7 kg of mace oleoresin are equivalent to 100 kg of freshly ground spice. Mace butter, which has fixed oils and volatiles, has 60% unsaturated fats and 40% saturated fats. Ground mace contains vitamin A, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium. East Indian mace oil contained a-pinene (16.3%), 3-pinene (10.6%),... 

Dried, ripe coriander fruit contain steam-volatile oil, fixed (fatty) oil, proteins, cellulose, pentosans, tannins, calcium oxalate and minerals. The major constituents are fibre (23-36%), carbohydrates (about 20%), fatty oil (16-28%) and proteins (11-17%). The residues remaining after distillation of the essential oil contain high fat and protein, which is useful as animal feed. 

Chilli contains many chemicals, including water, fixed (fatty) oils, steam-volatile oil, carotenoids, capsaicinoids, resin, protein, fibre and mineral elements. Many of these chemicals have importance for nutritional value, taste, colour and aroma. The two most important groups of chemicals found in chilli are the carotenoids and capsaicinoids (Bosland and Votava, 2000). 

Properties Colorless crystals, flakes, or powder fragrant odor similar to vanilla bitter, aromatic burning taste. Mp 69C, bp 290C. Soluble in 10 vols of 95% alcohol and in ether, chloroform, and fixed volatile oils slightly soluble in water. Combustible. 

Properties Colorless or pale-yellow liquid grapelike odor. D 1.132-1.138 (15C), refr index 1.578-1.581 (20C). Soluble in three volumes or more of 80% alcohol, and in benzyl benzoate, diethyl phthalate, fixed oils, mineral oils, and volatile oils insoluble in glycerol slightly soluble in propylene glycol. Congealing p 18C (4% impurity) to 10C (20% impurity). Combustible. 

Essential oils or volatile oils are useful for their fixative properties as well as their odor. Among the fixative essential oils are clary, sage, ventiver. Patchouli orris, and sandalwood, etc. Usually, they have low boiling points not more than 285-290°C. 

Coriander, Dried ripe fruit of Conundrum sativum L.> Umbelltferac. Habit, Asia- Europe. Constii. About 1% volatile oil fixed oils, malic acid, tannin, mucilage. thekaP CAT Carminative, aromatic. 

Laurel Oil, Laurel berry oil. Fixed oil from fresh fruit of Lauras nobilis L., Lauraceae. Constit. Chiefly the lauryl alcohol esters of lauric, stearic, etc., acids and a volatile oil, the so-called laurel camphor. 

Crystals, mp 51.S, bp about 233. Appreciably volatile at 100° volatilizes in water vapors. Characteristic odor pungent, somewhat caustic taste, dj5 0.9699. nff 1.5227 njf 1.5204. One gram dissolves in about 1000 ml water, I ml alcohol, 0.7 ml chloroform, 1.5 ml ether, 1.7 ml olive oil at 25°. Sol in glacial acetic acid, oils, fixed alkali hydroxides. LDjj Orally in rats 980 mg/kg (Jenner). 

While by definition, aroma compounds need to be volatile enough to be inhaled into the nose, flavor compounds can either be volatile or non-volatile. Volatile compounds typically have molecular weights below 300 Daltons. Nonvolatile flavor compounds can have molecular weights well over 300. Detection of non-volatiles requires the use of TLC or HPLC either alone or in tandem with an identification technique. HPLC-NMR can identify non-volatile coumarins, sterols, fatty acids and psoralens, in citrus oils, such as the substituted psoralen byakangelicol, found in lemon peel oil. Non-volatiles can act as odor fixatives, impacting the release of a perfume from the skin. Non-volatiles also serve as authentication markers that are difficult to adjust or circumvent (27). 

Properties Colorless or wh. translucent cryst. mass, char, fragrant penetrating odor, si. bitter cooling taste sol. in alcohol, chloroform, ether, fixed/volatile oils si. sol. in water m.w. 152.24 dens. 0.992 (25/4 C) m.p. 179.7 C b.p. 204 C subl. ambient temp./pressure flash pt. 150 F... 

Properties Colorless liq., odorless darkens when exposed to oxygen sol. in alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, fixed/volatile oils, oxygenated, chlorinated, and aromatic soivs. insol. in water m.w. 282.47 dens. 0.895 vapor pressure 1 mm (176.5 C) m.p. 6 C b.p. 286 C (100 mm) H LB 1.0 acid no. 196-204 nonionic Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 74 g/kg, (IV, rat) 2400 pg/kg poison by IV route mildly toxic by ing. irritant to skin, mucous membranes human eye and skin irritant questionable carcinogen experimental tumorigen mutagenic data TSCA listed... 

Many industries are involved such as forestry, agriculture, chemical, food, flavour, beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and fragrance. The plant raw materials are roots, rhizomes, bulbs, leaves, stems, barks, wood, flowers, fruits and seeds. These yield gums, resins, essential (volatile) oils, fixed oils, waxes, juices, extracts and spices for medicinal and aromatic purposes. All these commodities are traded world-wide. A dealer s market report for an item may say Drought in the country of origin has forced up prices . 

Because of their liquid nature at room temperature, essential oils are called oils. However, they should not be confused with fixed oils. Fixed or fatty oils comprise naturally occurring lipids and their esters that may or may not be volatile. Therefore, they differ from essential oils both in chemical and physical characteristics. An essential oil evaporates completely when dropped on paper, whereas fatty oils leave a permanent stain. The odor perceived when smelling a rose, a lily, or a lilac is from the essential oil emitted by the flower (1,6,13). 

Some of the food, drug, and cosmetic ingredients are pure chemicals isolated from plants, animals, or microbes. However, most are in the form of extracts, oleoresins, fixed oils, and volatile oils, among others. The included appendices contain most of the commonly encountered terms used in the botanical industry. 

Amyris Oil. Obtained by steam distillation of the wood of y m hakamijera L., the so-called West Indian sandalwood which is indigenous to northern South America, Central America, and the West Indies, amyris oil [8015-65-4] is a pale yellow to brownish yellow viscous oil with a slightly oily-sweet and occasionally peppery balsamic woody note. It finds use as a blender and fixative for soap fragrances. The volatile constituents, which are primarily hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes, are shown in Table 22 and Figure 5 (63). 

The sesquiterpenes found in essential oils have low volatilities compared with monoterpenes and so are isolated mainly by steam distillation or extraction, but some are also isolated by distillation or crystallization. Most of the sesquiterpene alcohols are heavy viscous Hquids and many crystallize when they are of high enough purity. Sesquiterpene alcohols are important in perfume bases for their odor value and their fixative properties as well. They are valuable as carriers of woody, balsamic, or heavy oriental perfume notes. 

The most common chromatogram in the distilled spirits industry is the fusel oil content. This consists of / -propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol. Other common peaks are ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, and methanol. The gc columns may be steel, copper, or glass packed column or capillary columns. Additional analyses include deterrninations of esters, total acids, fixed acids, volatile acids, soHds or extracts (used to determine... 

Batch with Constant Reflux Ratio, 48 Batch with Variable Reflux Rate Rectification, 50 Example 8-14 Batch Distillation, Constant Reflux Following the Procedure of Block, 51 Example 8-15 Vapor Boil-up Rate for Fixed Trays, 53 Example 8-16 Binary Batch Differential Distillation, 54 Example 8-17 Multicomponent Batch Distillation, 55 Steam Distillation, 57 Example 8-18 Multicomponent Steam Flash, 59 Example 8-18 Continuous Steam Flash Separation Process — Separation of Non-Volatile Component from Organics, 61 Example 8-20 Open Steam Stripping of Heavy Absorber Rich Oil of Light Hydrocarbon Content, 62 Distillation with Heat Balance,... 

Consider a quaternary liquid mixture, neroli oil, geraniol, citronellol and solvent, having different volatilities. Neroli oil represents a top note, citronellol and geraniol are body notes. The solvent is ethanol diluted with water to the required concentration. Let us consider this mixture as a base perfume to which musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone) is added as an end note or fixative. 

Abel tester physchem A laboratory Instrument used In testing the flash point of kerosine and other volatile oils having flash points below 120°F (49°C) the oil Is contained In a closed cup vrhich Is heated by a fixed flame below and a movable flame above. a bal tes-tar ... 

---