Fish oil fatty acid composition

Fish oil, fatty acid composition analysis, FAMES, 448 (fig.)... 

Fatty Acid Compositions of Tallows and Fish and Oilseeds Oils. Fatty acid compositions of tallows and fish and vegetable oils used as feed ingredients are shown in Table 8 (11). Profiles for pahn oils are not shown they typically are chill crystallized and fractionated into oleins and stearins and can vary greatly in fatty acid compositions. The principal fatty acids of major marine oils are shown in Table 9 (39). 

It is now accepted that increased postprandial lipemia is directly related to an increased rate of progression of atherosclerosis and increased risk of CHD (50,51). The degree of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in patients with CHD is due to impaired TG clearance after a standardized fatty meal (52). Exaggerated lipemia is common in patients with CHD, and peak lipemia may occur 8 h after the fatty meal instead of the usual 3 h. Postprandial lipemia promotes the formation of chylomicron remnants (52,53). Indeed, a diet low in fat, in particular saturated fat, reduces the levels of chylomicron remnants in humans (54). The composition of the fatty meal is also important, and fish oil fatty acids may be less Upemic (54,55). 

Dunstan, J. A., Roper, J., Mitoulas, L., Hartmann, P. E., Simmer, K., and Prescott, S. L. (2004). The effect of supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy on breast milk immunoglobulin A, soluble CD14, cytokine levels and fatty acid composition. Clin. Exp. Allergy 34, 1237-1242. 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol extract of the leaf, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active, LDjf, 0.75 g/kg"" " . Ethanol extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/animal, was active. Water extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/ animal, was active " . Aqueous extract of the husk fiber, administered orally to mice, was active, LDjf, 2.30 g/kgf" " . Tricarboxylate carrier influence. Oil, administered to rats at a dose of 15% of the diet for 3 weeks, produced a differential mitochondrial fatty acid composition and no appreciable change in phospholipids composition and cholesterol level. Compared with coconut oil-fed rats, the mitochondrial tricarboxylate carrier activity was markedly decreased in liver mitochondria from fish oil-fed rats. No difference in the Arrhenius plot between the two groups was observed "". 

Ackman, R.G. (1967). Characteristics of the fatty acid composition and biochemistry of some freshwater fish oils and lipids in comparison with marine oils and lipids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 22, 907-922. 

Kelly, P.B., Reiser, R. and Hood, D.W. (1958). The effect of diet on the fatty acid composition of several species of freshwater fish. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 35,503-505. 

Basmacioglu, H., Cabuk, M., Unal, K., Ozkan, K., Akkan, S. and Yalcin, H. (2003) Effects of dietary fish oil and flax seed on cholesterol and fatty acid composition of egg yolk and blood parameters of laying hens. South African Journal of Animal Science 33, 266-273. 

If that does occur, then the present system of classification of oils may be impossible to police, and a modified system may become necessary. Perhaps the sale and perceived value of oils will necessarily become dependent on the performance, not the source of the oil. With bulk oils such as palm, peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, soya, rapeseed, com, fish, and animal fats and oils, the fatty acid composition will obviously be important for health reasons. If the oil is to be used for frying then the frying properties will be important. In the case of palm products the physical properties and minor components such as carotenoids will be defined. Similarly animal fats will be judged mainly on physical behaviour and effect on the product in which they are used. In all cases the oxidative and stability of the oil will have to be defined. Sesame is a very stable oil, and thus its stability, together with its low level of linolenic acid, would be its major attribute, except for toasted sesame, which would probably be classed as a specialist oil. Already most baking fats sold to the public are blends developed to give the best performance, with no mention on the pack as to the source. If a bulk oil of this type had the desired chemical composition, stability and cooking behaviour, then perhaps the source would not be a matter of concern. 

Fantoni, C.M., Cuccio, A.P. and Barrera-Arellano, D. (1996) Brazilian encapsulated fish oils Oxidative stability and fatty acid composition. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 251-253. 

Figure 2-6 Chromatogram of the Fatty Acid Composition of Fish Oil (Menhaden). Analysis of methyl esters on a 30-m capillary column. Source Reprinted from R.G. Ackman, Animal and Marine Lipids, in Improved and Technological Advances in Alternative Sources of Lipids, B. Kamel and Y. Kakuda, eds., p. 308, 1994, Aspen Publishers, Inc.

The fatty acid composition of marine lipids varies significantly, especially when compared with vegetable oils. The fatty acid composition of blubber oil of marine mammals is generally similar to fish oils as it contains a large proportion of long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids. However, the proportion of fatty acids in fish and marine mammals varies considerably (2). 

After considering the many analyses of fish oils available, the author concluded that there was only one basic fatty acid composition of fish oils from coldwater or from northern latitudes (27). Generally this is typified by menhaden oil, a species that feeds exclusively by filtering phytoplankton out of the ocean water in the Gulf of Mexico or in the Atlantic Ocean off the east coast of the United States or the... 

Retail product No. 1 of Table 5 is likely to be simply salmon waste oil, the fish name conferring an elite status. Our research (Ackman, unpublished) suggests that many salmon oil encapsulated oils are unrelated to any salmon oil in fatty acid composition. In 1989, our analysis showed many products of this type to be exaggerated as to omega-3 fatty acid content (85), and a more recent European survey in 1998 gave comparable results and reported on quality (86). 

TABLE 8. Fatty Acid Composition of Common Feed Animal Fats, Fish Oils, and Vegetable Olls. ... 

The typical fatty acid composition of these rendered animal fats and fish oil is shown in Table 6 (11, 12). Rendered animal fats can also be characterized by their... 

Rao, C. V, Zang, E and Reddy, B. (1993). Effect of high fat com oil, olive oil, and fish oil On phospholipid fatty acid composition in male F344 rats. Lipids 28, 441-447. 

Yaqoob, P., Pala, H.S., Cortina-Borja, M., Newsholme, E.A., and Calder, P.C. 2000. Encapsulated fish oil enriched in alpha-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 30, 260-274. 

Hinds A, Sanders TAB. The effect of increasing levels of dietary fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on lymphocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition and cell-mediated immunity in the mouse. Br J Nutr 1993 69 423-429. 

Robinson DR, Xu L-L, Knoell CT, Tateno S, Olesiak W. Modification of spleen phospholipid fatty acid composition by dietary fish oil and by n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters. J Lipid Res 1993 34 1423-1434. 

In this chapter, our intent is to review the rapid changes that take place in the cerebral cortex of n-3 fatty acid-deficient monkeys when their diet is subsequently supplied with ample dietary n-3 fatty acids. Juvenile rhesus monkeys who had developed n-3 fatty acids deficiency since intrauterine life were repleted with a fish-oil diet rich in n-3 fatty acids, DHA, and 20 5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA). The fatty acid composition was determined for the lipid classes of plasma and erythrocytes and for the phospholipid classes and molecular species of frontal cortex samples obtained from serial biopsies and at the time of autopsy. From these analyses, the half-lives ofDHA and EPA in the phospholipids of plasma, erythrocytes, and cerebral cortex were estimated. The deficient brain rapidly regained a normal or even supernormal content ofDHA with a reciprocal decline in n-6 fatty acids, demonstrating that the fatty acids of the gray matter of the brain turn over with relative rapidity under the circumstances of these experiments. 

Bourre JM, BonneU M, Dumont O, Piciotti M. Nalbone G, Lafont H. High dietary fish oil alters brain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988 960 458 61. 

---