Blood parameters

In a chronic study in rats (Quast et al. 1980a), some changes in the blood parameters measured were observed at various intervals during the study, but the findings did not occur consistently and were not dose-related. Therefore, the authors concluded that these findings were not direct effects of exposure to acrylonitrile, but rather were a secondary response to other effects such as weight loss, tumor formation, or inflammatory reactions. 

Nielsen, FH. 1980b. Effect of form of iron on the interaction between nickel and iron in rats growth and blood parameters. Jour. Nutr. 110 965-973. 

Edqvist, L.E., A. Madej, and M. Forsberg. 1992. Biochemical blood parameters in pregnant mink fed PCB and fractions of PCB. Ambio 21 577-581. 

Schwab, C.L. et al., Modeling and predicting stress-induced immunosuppression in mice using blood parameters, Toxicol. Sci., 83, 101, 2005. 

Hematological Effects. Routine blood parameters (hemoglobin, erythrocyte, leukocyte and thrombocyte levels) measured in 11 hexachloroethane workers did not differ from those of the controls (Selden et al. 1994). Plasma hexachloroethane levels in these workers, who wore protective equipment, were 7.3 + 6.04 pg/L at the time of the hematological analysis and 0.08 0.14 gg/L before production resinned (Selden et al. 1993). Mild skin and mucous membrane irritation were reported in the exposed group, suggesting that exposure may have been through either the inhalation or dermal routes of exposure. 

Toxicology. Dicyclopentadienyl iron causes changes in blood parameters and hepatic cirrhosis. 

Urasoko Y, He XI, Ebata T, Kinoshita Y, Kobayashi J, Mochizuki M, Ikeya M (2009) Changes in blood parameters and coagulation-related gene expression in pregnant rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 48 272-278... 

Gonthier, C., Mustafa, A.F., Ouellet, D.R., Chouinard, P.Y., Berthiaume, R., and Petit, H.V. 2005. Feeding microionized and extruded flaxseed to dairy cows Effects on blood parameters and milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 748-756. 

Basmacioglu, H., Cabuk, M., Unal, K., Ozkan, K., Akkan, S. and Yalcin, H. (2003) Effects of dietary fish oil and flax seed on cholesterol and fatty acid composition of egg yolk and blood parameters of laying hens. South African Journal of Animal Science 33, 266-273. 

Sayer MDJ, Reader JP, Dalziel TRK, et al. 1991. Mineral content and blood parameters of dying brown trout (salmo trutta 1.) exposed to acid and aluminum in soft water. Comp Biochem Physiol 99C 345-348. 

At the 30-day ( 7 days) follow up, one cardiac death was reported, There were no significant changes in blood parameters either immediately postprocedure or at 30 day follow-up. There were no reports of Q-wave Ml, CABG, or repeated angioplasty up to 30 days postprocedure. In addition, there were no reported cases of (sub)acute thrombosis. The MACE free rate at 30 days was 98%. 

Levander, O.A., Alfthan, G., Arvilommi, H., Gref, C.G., Huttunen, J.K., Kataja, M., Koivistoinen, P., and Pikkarainen, J. 1983. Bioavailability of selenium in Finnish men as assessed by glutathione peroxidase activity and other blood parameters. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37, 887-897. 

Anesthetized rats are used for testing the side effect potential of a candidate compound on intermediary metabolism in liver, muscle and adipose tissue with subsequent effects on metabolic blood parameters (e.g. glucose, lactate, free fatty acids, triglycerides) and insulin. The use of anesthetized rats represents more a principal assessment of the pharmacological side effect potential since the candidate compound must be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally (enteral/intestinal administration should be avoided due to the anesthesia-induced decrease in intestinal motility with subsequent impairment of enteral absorption), compared to the study in conscious rats in which the candidate compound can be studied after oral administration, which in most cases represents the clinical route of administration for small molecular drugs. 

Metabolic blood parameters are assayed in anesthetized male rats using a modified method of glucose clamp studies in rodents (Terrettaz and Jeanrenaud 1983). Four to 6 rats per group (vehicle control and one dose of the candidate compound) are used. Rats are anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg), tracheotomized, and one jugular vein per rat is cannulated for intravenous infusion the other vein is prepared for collection of blood samples. Anesthesia is maintained for up to 7 hours by subcutaneous infusion of pentobarbital sodium (adjusted to the anesthetic depth of the individual animal about 24 mg/kg/h). Body temperature is monitored with a rectal probe thermometer, and temperature is maintained at 37 °C by means of a heated surgical table. Blood samples for glucose analysis (10 il) are obtained from the tip of the tail every 15 minutes, and for lactate analysis (20 p.1) every... 

The differences of the metabolic blood parameters after compound administration are calculated with respect to the pre-drug values and against a control group, which has received the vehicle only. The metabolic tissue parameters at the end of the study are assessed between control and treatment group. 

Conscious rats are used for testing the side effect potential of a candidate compound on intermediary metabolism in liver, muscle and adipose tissue with subsequent effects on metabolic blood parameters (e.g. glucose, lactate, free fatty acids, triglycerides) and insulin after oral administration, which represents in most cases the clinical route of administration for small molecular drugs. 

At the end of the experiment, the rats are terminally anesthetized, the abdomen is opened, and terminal blood collection is performed from the vena cava caud. or the aorta abdominalis for determination of metabolic blood parameters and insulin. A part of the liver is freeze clamped immediately as well as a part (about 1 gr) of skeletal muscle (e.g. M. gastrocne-micus). The frozen tissue is stored in liquid nitrogen for subsequent determinations of intrahepatic and intramuscular concentrations of glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and ATR In liver samples hepatic... 

Acute Effects on Metabolic Blood Parameters in Conscious Dogs... 

Averages of the metabolic blood parameters (e.g. glucose, lactate) are plotted versus time for each dosage. Besides the original values, percentage data related to the value before the experiment are calculated. Similarly, plasma insulin levels are plotted versus time and compared with control values. Statistical evaluation is performed using appropriate methods. 

Blood samples were taken at 30 min for determination of baseline insulin levels and at 180, 210 and 240 min for determination of insulin levels under hyperinsulinemia. At 120 and at 240 min, additional blood samples for determination of fee fatty acids are taken. Animals were killed by pentobarbital overdose. Metabolic blood parameters are determined using standard methods (Bergmeyer 1974) insulin measurements are performed using commercially available radioimmunoassay or ELISA kits. 

Hematological Effects. Administration of 125 mg/kg/day to 12 rabbits for 120 days resulted in some statistically significant changes in blood parameters compared to controls (3 rabbits) (Daniele 1964). These changes, which suggested a coagulation disorder, were inconsistent and showed no increase in severity with time. The small numbers of animals used and the inconsistent results make it difficult to unequivocally attribute the observed effects to tetryl exposure. Accumulation of hematic pigments in the spleen was noted in rabbits administered a lethal dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day for 1-3 doses (Wells et al. 1920) and rabbits administered 125 mg/kg/day for 6 months (Fati and Daniele 1965). 

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