Marine lipids

Leukotriene B5 can be biosynthesized in the body from eicosapentaenoic acid, which is ingested in the form of dietary fish lipid. Synthetic LTB5 was synthesized as outlined below and found to have only 20% of the neutrophil chemotactic activity of LTB4, a fact which may be relevant to the antiinflammatory effect of dietary marine lipid. 

Lipids from marine products have been studied less frequently. The detection of co-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids with 16,18 and 20 carbon atoms together with isoprenoid fatty acids (4,8,12-trimethyltetradecanoic acid and phytanic acid) and substantial quantities of bones from fish and molluscs has provided evidence for the processing of marine animal products in vessels [58 60]. C16, C18, and C20 co-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids are presumed to be formed during the heating of tri-unsaturated fatty acids (C16 3, C18 3 and C20 3), fatty acyl components of marine lipids, involving alkali isomerization, pericyclic (intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction) and aromatization reactions. 

Isoprenoid fatty acids (4,8,12 trimethyl tetradecanoic acid and phytanic acid), acids with 16, 18 and 20 carbon atoms Heated marine lipids [42,43]... 

Corr, L. T., Richards, M. P., Jim, S., Ambrose, S. H., Mackie, A., Beattie, O. and Evershed, R. P. (2008) Probing dietary change of the Kwad y Dan Ts inchj individual, an ancient glacier body from British Columbia I. Complementary use of marine lipid biomarker and carbon... 

Marine lipids are important biological energy sources and have been used as tracers in food studies [395-398]. Some lipids, however, are pollutants [399, 400], and all lipids can potentially act as solvents, transporters, or sinks for pollutants [374,399,401,402]. 

This technique was used by Delmas et al. [404] to separate lipid extracts in seawater into various classes. Lipid classes that have been eluted away from the point of application may be burnt off the rod in a partial scan, allowing those lipids remaining near the origin to be developed into the place that has just been simultaneously scanned and reactivated. By analysis of complex mixtures of neutral lipids in this stepwise manner it is possible to be more selective about lipid class separations as well as to be more confident about assigning identities to peaks obtained from a seawater sample. In addition, this approach also reduces the possibility of peak contamination by impurities which would normally coelute with marine lipid classes (e.g., phthalate esters [403]). 

Hosokawa, M. (2004). Chapter 10. Improvement of biological response of cells by marine lipids. In "Suisangaku-shirizu Marine Functional Lipids Sources, Functionalities, and Applications", (K. Takahashi, Ed.), Vol. 142, pp. 145-155. Kouseisha Kouseikaku, Tokyo (in Japanese). 

Marine lipids with their diversity of unsaturated and branched chain acid moieties are a difficult class of materials to analyze. Ruminants (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) have a bacterial "factory" in the rumen which is able to produce branched-chain partially-hydrogenated lipids from ingested plant lipids. These lipids are incorporated into the milk and meat of the animals and eventually into animals which feed upon the ruminants. As a rule animal lipids are highly complex in comparison to plant materials. Although the branched chain materials are usually present in low concentration when compared to the common fatty acid moieties, complete description of these fats requires more sophisticated GC and thus long open tubular columns in tandem with mass spectrometry and computer analysis of the data has become an important approach. Even with a 100-m column, subcutaneous lipids of barley-fed lambs were so complex that prior fractionation with urea adducts was necessary (17). 

Good review articles on the evaluation of the Iatroscan TLC-FID include those by Ackman et al. (1990), Indrasena et al. (1991), Shantha (1992), and Hammond (1993). Numerous publications address its application for lipid quantitation of samples including marine lipids (Oh-shima et al., 1987 Gunnlaugsdottir and Ackman, 1993 Zhou et al., 1995) and canola gum (Ratnayake and Ackman, 1985). 

Chromarod FID peaks of sterols, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and polar lipids are narrower and sharper than peaks of triglycerides and free fatty acids when analyzed using either method described in this unit (see Basic Protocol and Alternate Protocol). Hydrogenation of total lipids (see Support Protocol) results in much sharper and narrower peaks, which in turn substantially improves the resolution between lipid classes. The accuracy and precision in quantitating lipid classes of vegetable oils and animal fats are expected to be better than those from marine lipids. 

Parrish, C.C. and Ackman, R.G. 1985. Calibration of the latroscan-Chromarod system for marine lipid class analyses. Lipids 20 521-530. 

Ke, P.J. and Woyewoda, A.D. 1979. Microdetermination of thiobarbituric acid values in marine lipids by a direct spectrophotometric method... 

Optimum Omega (Pharmanea.) Epa and Dha Fish Oils Marine lipid concentrate. Dsil pta tocopherol). and deodorized garlic oil ... 

Optimum CJmcga Miamuncx) kpj A Dha Fish Oils Marine lipid concentrate, O-Alpha Tocopherol j, and Deodorized Garlic Oil Sliell conpo iiion is not available ... 

Ackman, R.G. (1964). Structural homogeneity in unsaturated fatty acids of marine lipids. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 21, 247-254. 

Ackman, R.G. (1983). Marine lipids. Fats for the future. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Oils, Fats and Waxes , pp.1-15. Duromark Publishing, Auckland. 

Brockerhoff, H., Ackman, R.G. and Hoyle, R.J. (1963). Specific distribution of fatty acids in marine lipids. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 100,9-12. 

Djerassi, C. and Silva, C. J., Biosynthetic studies of marine lipids. 41. Sponge sterols origin and biosynthesis, Acc. Chem. Res., 24, 371, 1991. 

Arzul G, Gentien P, Bodennec G (1998) Potential toxicity of microalgal polyunsaturated fatty adds (PUFAs). In Baudimant G, Guezennec JH, Roy P, Samain IF (eds) Marine lipids. IFREMIER, Nantes, pp 53-62... 

Miyashita, K. 2007. Anti-obesity by marine lipids In Bagchi, D., and Preuss, H. G. (Eds.), Obesity Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention (pp. 463—475). New York CRC Taylor Francis. 

Figure 2-5 Chromatogram of Milk Fat Fatty Acid Composition Analyzed as Butyl Esters on a 30-m Capillary Column. Source Reprinted from R.G. Ackman, Animal and Marine Lipids, in Improved and Technological Advances in Alternative Sources of Lipids, B. Kamel and Y. Kakuda, eds., p. 298, 1994, Aspen Publishers, Inc.

The fatty acid composition of marine lipids varies significantly, especially when compared with vegetable oils. The fatty acid composition of blubber oil of marine mammals is generally similar to fish oils as it contains a large proportion of long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids. However, the proportion of fatty acids in fish and marine mammals varies considerably (2). 

Wax esters are another useful marine lipid class, which are now historical when derived from the heads of sperm whales. Although various marine invertebrates contain wax esters (110), there is an unexploited resource in relatively small fish called myctophids. These fish can be caught by modem fishery technology as was shown in South Africa some decades ago, but the use of any oil and meal produced would have to be carefully considered. The biosynthesis of their wax esters has recently been resolved (111) and reviews most questions on that topic that were... 

Morris, R. J. Culkin, F. Marine Lipids Analytical Techniques and Fatty... 

Cumin seeds Cayenne pepper Marine lipids ... 

Marine lipids (fish oils) Saponification of lipids, followed by solvent extraction cleanup on adsorbent columns or plates GC/FID Not reported3 Not reported3 Farrington et al. 1973... 

Farrington JW, Teal JM, Quinn JG, et al. 1973. Intercalibration of analyses of recently biosynthesized hydrocarbons and petroleum hydrocarbons in marine lipids. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, vol 10(3) 129-36. 

Bergen, B.J., J.G. Quinn and C.C. Parrish. Quality assurance study of marine lipid-class determination using Chromarod-Iatroscan thin layer chromatography-flame ionization detector. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 2189-2197, 2000. 

One important group of nutrients, rarely included in the Western diet, is the essential fatty acids. These compounds are precursors to prostaglandins, which inhibit testosterone binding in the prostate. They also act as anti-inflammatory agents and restrain protein synthesis and cell growth in the prostate. The omega-3 marine lipids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been shown to inhibit the growth of prostatic tumors. Flax seed, a rich source of essential fatty acids, has been shown to inhibit cancer metastasis in studies done with mice. 

The omega-3 marine lipids Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been shown in studies to inhibit many types of tumors, including prostate cancer. 

Robinson DR, Urakaze M, Huang R, Taki H, Sugiyama E, Knoell CT, et al. Dietary marine lipids suppress the continuous expression of interleukin IB gene transcription. Lipids 1996 31(Suppl) S23-S31. 

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