Fireplace

Whenever unvented combustion occurs iadoors or when venting systems attached to combustion units malfunction, a variety of combustion products win be released to the iadoor environment. Iadoor combustioa units include nonelectric stoves and ovens, furnaces, hot water heaters, space heaters, and wood-burning fireplaces or stoves. Products of combustion include CO, NO, NO2, fine particles, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatics, and other organic compounds. Especially dangerous sources are unvented gas and kerosene [8008-20-6] space heaters which discharge pollutants directly into the living space. The best way to prevent the accumulation of combustion products indoors is to make sure all units are properly vented and properly maintained. 

In many parts of the world, eg, China and northern Canada, block talc is used by the native artisans as a carving material and some of the sculptures produced ate widely treasured. Block talc is also used for manufacture of fireplaces in Finland and Vermont. Machined talc pencils have been used for marking steel during processing since the 1890s. 

One of the reasons the tribes of early history were nomadic was to move periodically away from the stench of the animal, vegetable, and human wastes they generated. When the tribesmen learned to use fire, they used it for millennia in a way that filled the air inside their living quarters with the products of incomplete combustion. Examples of this can still be seen today in some of fhe more primitive parts of the world. After its invention, the chimney removed the combustion products and cooking smells from the living quarters, but for centuries the open fire in the fireplace caused its emission to be smoky. In ad 61 the Roman philosopher Seneca reported thus on conditions in Rome ... 

The predominant air pollution problem of the nineteenth century was smoke and ash from fhe burning of coal or oil in the boiler furnaces of stationary power plants, locomotives, and marine vessels, and in home heating fireplaces and furnaces. Great Britain took the lead in addressing this problem, and, in the words of Sir Hugh Beaver (3) ... 

Even though society has moved toward centralized industries and utilities, we still have many personal sources of air pollution for which we alone can answer—(1) automobiles, (2) home furnaces, (3) home fireplaces and stoves, (4) backyard barbecue grills, and (5) open burning of refuse and leaves. Figure 6-4 illustrates the personal emissions of a typical U.S. family. 

To develop an emission inventory for an area, one must (1) list the types of sources for the area, such as cupolas, automobiles, and home fireplaces (2) determine the type of air pollutant emission from each of the listed sources, such as particulates and SO2 (3) examine the literature (9) to find valid emission factors for each of the pollutants of concern (e.g., "particulate emissions for open burning of tree limbs and brush are 10 kg per ton of residue consumed") (4) through an actual count, or by means of some estimating technique, determine the number and size of specific sources in the area (the number of steelmaking furnaces can be counted, but the number of home fireplaces will probably have to be estimated) and (5) multiply the appropriate numbers from (3) and (4) to obtain the total emissions and then sum the similar emissions to obtain the total for the area. 

Two or more plane jets can be placed above and outside the rim (all sides) of a canopy hood and directed downward. Fhe exhaust flow into the hood makes the down-directed jets turn inward and upward when the jet velocity has slowed down enough to be influenced by the exhaust flow. In many cases, the aim is to diminish the general supply airflow rate into the room and sometimes to use the jets as separators. lliis method is quite often used on large kitchen hoods to increase their capture efficiency. If the jet is directed toward the front of the fireplace and just reaches the front before turning inward, a high capture efficiency can be achieved. 

The transfer of heat from a source to a receiver by radiant energy is radiation. The sun transfers its energy to the earth by radiation. A fire in a fireplace is another example of radiation. The fire in the fireplace heats the air in the room and by convection heats up the room. At the same time, when you stand within line of sight of the fireplace, the radiant energy coming from the flame of the fire itself makes you feel warmer than when you are shielded from the line of sight of the flame. Heat is being transferred both by convection and by radiation from the fireplace... 

Feuerung,/. firing, fire, heating fuel furnace fireplace, hearth. 

Feuerungs-anlage, /. furnace, hearth, fireplace, -bedari, m. fuel requirement, -gewolbe, n. furnace arch, -material, n. fuel, -bl, n. fuel oil. -raum, m. Feuerraum. 

Kamin, m. chimney, stack fireplace, -brenner, m. burner with a chimney, -haube, /. chimney hood, -russ, m. chimney soot. Kamm, m. comb cog (of a wheel) cam ridge, crest, -abfall, m. combings, ktunmen, v.t. comb card notch. 

Unvented kerosene and gas space heaters leaking chimneys and furnaces back-drafting from furnaces, gas water heaters, woodstoves, and fireplaces automobile exhaust from attached garages environmental tobacco smoke. Humans are normally the main indoor source of carbon dioxide. Unvented or imperfectly vented combustion appliances can also increase indoor COj concentrations. 

Chimneys, Vents, Fireplaces, and Solid Fuel Burning Appliances 211... 

New furnaces have to be constructed (as far as is practicable) so as to operate smokelessly. Chimney heights are controlled (see below). Smoke Control Orders can be introduced (to control domestic smoke) and grants are available to convert fireplaces to burn authorized fuels. Smoke (other than dark smoke, which is already controlled) is dealt with by Section 16 of the 1956 Act and is, for the purposes of Part 111 of the 1936 Public Health Act, to be considered as a statutory nuisance. 

It also goes off when I use my fireplace circuitry, and an alarm sounds. The alarm also goes off if the battery voltage drops, indicating... 

The kitchen has an ancient bottled-gas stove, a Formica table with an oil lamp on it and a scatter of jewelry tools and materials, a tiled fireplace laid ready with raw-smelling coal, and a beautiful inlaid Queen Anne wall clock tocking away in the corner, showing the phases of the moon and the movement of the sun through the zodiac. As I head out of the back door and find the privy, a black shadow of a cat with blue eyes slips past my legs and away like warm smoke. 

Traditionally, residential mechanical equipment has been treated as independent devices that have little or no impact on the rest of the building other than the obvious stated purpose. Bath fans, dryers, and kitchen ranges are assumed to exhaust moisture, lint, and cooking by-products, but to have no impact on the performance of chimneys. Instances have been reported that show that this is not the case in some houses where the fireplaces and other combustion appliances backdraft52 when one or more of the exhaust fans are in operation. Houses have been reported in which the operation of exhaust devices increases the radon concentration.53 Houses have been found in which pressure differences between different rooms of the house caused by HVAC distribution fans have increased energy costs,54 occupant discomfort,54,55 condensation of the building shell,55 and radon concentrations in parts of the houses.29,56 All of these effects are the result of air pressure relationships created by the interaction of equipment, indoor/outdoor temperature differences, wind velocity, and moisture and radon availability. 

Age column is given in years, rock column is portion of rock used in a foundation, fireplace or wall in square feet, height of ceiling in ieet. Area is in square feet. Blanks in furnace column indicate no use of furnace, tightness A is average, T is tight, D is drafty, as stated by the homeowner, soil column shows soil from granite bedrock in a foundation, fireplace or wall. Water column is radon concentration in pCi/1. 

---