Chimney soot

Kamin, m. chimney, stack fireplace, -brenner, m. burner with a chimney, -haube, /. chimney hood, -russ, m. chimney soot. Kamm, m. comb cog (of a wheel) cam ridge, crest, -abfall, m. combings, ktunmen, v.t. comb card notch. 

The chimney soot sample (Figure 16) offers confirmatory evidence. Although the combustion particles are too ill-defined to permit a worthwhile particle size plot, a rough analysis suggested a particularly wide range of diameters, wider perhaps than those encountered in inks. 

Figure 16. Scanning electron micrograph household chimney soot derived from burning wood...

This spherical structure is composed of 60 carbon atoms covalently bonded together. Further spherical forms of carbon, bucky balls , containing 70, 72 and 84 carbon atoms have been identified and the discovery has led to a whole new branch of inorganic carbon chemistry. It is thought that this type of molecule exists in chimney soot. Chemists have suggested that due to the large surface area of the bucky balls they may have uses as catalysts (Chapter 7, p. 109). Also they may have uses as superconductors. 

O Weak, green (bell pepper-like), earthy undertone, chimney soot F,S 64... 

Weakly green, unpleasant, no nutty notes, chimney soot S 64... 

ThomaH. 1988. PCDD/F-concentrations in chimney soot from house heating systems. Chemosphere 17 1369-1379. 

Chimney soot and bottom ash from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces in individual residences have yielded measurable levels of TCDD.27 28 A study of PCDD/F emissions from residential wood burners in Switzerland found that a household stove burning natural beech wood yielded 0.77 ng TEQ kg-1 with the door open and 1.25 ng TEQ kg-1 with the door closed.29 Applying an average emission factor29 30 of 1 ng TEQ kg-1 for the 41.4 million metric tons of wood combusted in US homes each year14 yields an estimate of 41 g TEQ yr-1 for emissions from residential wood burning. 

Benzo[a]pyrene, one of the most thoroughly studied carcinogens, is formed whenever organic compounds undergo incomplete combustion. For example, benzo[a]pyrene is found in chimney soot, in broiled steaks, and in cigarette smoke. Long before our... 

In England in 1775, Dr. Percivall Pott wrote a paper on the high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps who were typically boys small enough to fit inside chimneys and clean out the soot. Pott suggested that chimney soot contained carcinogens that could cause the growth of the warts seen in scrotal cancer. Over a 150 years later, chimney soot was found to contain hydrocarbons capable of mutating DNA. 

The first known carcinogen was an aromatic substance discovered around the turn of the twentieth century in chimney soot. Chimney sweeps in Great... 

In 1879, human chemical exposures were studied during the Industrial Revolution period. It was found that chronic dermal contact with shale oil, coal distillates, petroleum products, or chimney soot could cause skin cancer. An inordinate prevalence of lung cancer was exhibited among coal miners and was the first internal cancer associated with a known occupational exposure. An iatrogenic cancer of the skin, due to long-term ingestion of potassium arsenite from Fowler s solution (used as a tonic in small doses), was recorded by 1887. In 1895, excessive cancer of the urinary bladder was identified in workers from the aniline dye industry. 

The applications of isokinetic sampling cover but are not limited to the sampling of aerosols such as flu gas in chimney, soots (unbumed carbons) from diesel engine exhaust, dusts suspended in the atmosphere, and fumes from various sprayers measurements of particulate mass fluxes in pneumatic transport pipelines and other particulate pipe flows solid fuel (also some liquid fuels) distributions in furnaces, engines, and other types of combustors and calibrations of instruments for the measurements of particle mass concentrations. Isokinetic sampling can also be applied to flows with liquid droplets. In this case, the droplet sample is usually collected by an immiscible liquid (Koo et al., 1992 Zhang and Ishii, 1995). 

In 1775, a British physician named Percival Potts was the first to recognize that environmental factors can cause cancer, when he became aware that chimney sweeps had a higher incidence of scrotum cancer than the male population as a whole. He theorized that something in the chimney soot was causing cancer. We now know that it was benzo[a]pyrene. 

Fig. 185. Influence of fillers on the kinetics of stress relaxation of monosulfide natural rubber vul-canizate at 90 C. 1) Unfilled vulcanizate 2) vulcanizate with 100 parts by weight chalk 3) vulcanizate with 40 parts by weight thermal carbon black 4) vulcanizate with 40 parts by weight chimney soot 5) vulcanizate with 40 parts by weight channel black.

Sal ammoniac (sel armoniac) is found naturally near volcanoes an artificial kind is made in Venice etc. by evaporating 5 pts. of urine, i pt. of sea salt and pt. of chimney soot and subliming. It is sublimed in flowers in a cucurbit then lift your head gently and collect the flowers with a feather . ... 

Since the discovery of Cgo, elongated and elliptical cages of 70 and 80 carbon atoms have also been discovered. These molecules, called fullerenes as a group, have been proposed to exist in such exotic places as stars and interstellar media and have been observed in such mundane places as deposits of chimney soot. 

Carbon as the pure element exists in several forms that are as different from one another as it is possible to imagine. Different forms of a pure element are called allotropes. One allotrope of pure carbon is the very soft and totally black substance called graphite, the main substance at the center of pencils and the main component of charcoal and chimney soot. Another allotropic form of carbon is diamond, the colorless brilliant gem that is the hardest of all substances found in nature. Still another allotrope, perhaps the most exotic, is called buckminsterfullerene after the inventor of the geodesic dome, Buckminster Fuller. 

Biological examples of epoxide hydrolysis are common, particularly in the pathways that animals use to detoxify harmful substances. The cancer-causing (carcinogenic) substance benzo[a]pyrene, for instance, is found in cigarette smoke, chimney soot, and barbecued meat. In the human liver, benzo[a]pyrene is detoxified by conversion to a diol epoxide, which then undergoes enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis to give a soluble tetrol. 

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