Fire-retardant fluid

Used industrially for the manufacture of organophosphorus compounds (Insecticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, defoliants) as well as esters for plasticizers, gasoline additives, and hydraulic fluids used in industry as a chlorinating agent, catalyst, dopant for semiconductor grade silicon, fire retarding agent, and solvent in cryoscopy. 

Uses Component of fire extinguisher fluids solvent for waxes, fats, and resins degreaser flame retardant heavy liquid for mineral and salt separations chemical intermediate laboratory use. 

Uses Plasticizer in lacquers, varnishes, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nitrocellulose waterproofing agent hydraulic fluid and heat exchange medium fire retardant for plastics solvent mixtures synthetic lubricant gasoline additive to prevent pre-ignition. 

Because spiropyrans (and especially BIPS) are relatively easy to prepare, a variety of compounds are available from which to deduce correlations (usually semiempirical Hammett-like equations) between structure and photochromic parameters in dilute fluid solutions. The photochromic behavior of a single dye in a variety of solvents can also be correlated with a solvent parameter such as. In applications, however, the dyes are almost always relatively concentrated in a bulk polymer or a polymeric binder film, and various other additives such as antioxidants, surfactants, fire retardants, plasticizers, and other colorants are also present. Under these conditions, the observed photochromic behavior is often very different from that predicted by the dilute fluid solution correlations. 

Both hydrated and anhydrous metal borates have numerous industrial uses. Some of the major uses of hydrated metal borates are the manufacture of glasses, ceramics, and industrial fluids, and as micronutrient fertilizers, fire retardants, and biostats. Anhydrous borates find use as heterogeneous catalysts, scintillation hosts, and in the fabrication of optoelectronic devices. Anhydrous aluminum borates are used as additives in oxide ceramics to promote the formation of desirable phases. Also, aluminum borate whiskers are used as reinforcing additives in composite materials. Specific nses of sodium, calcium, zinc, and barium borates are discussed in sections below. 

Because of their properties as chemically stable, viscous liquids with low electrical resistance, PCBs have been used widely in electrical equipment such as transformers and capacitors, as plasticizers, and as fluids in pumps. They have trade names such as Aroclor 1242 (which means it is a PCB which contains 42 per cent chlorine). PBBs have been used as fire retardants (see p. 258). The wide use of PCBs has led to human exposure as a result of disposal of old transformers, and so on. Their persistence means that they are detectable in the environment and in the fat and tissues of animals and humans. Their manufacture and use is now restricted, but because of their persistence they will remain in the environment for a long time. 

Other copper compounds are found in battery fluid fabric dye fire retardants food additives for farm animals fireworks (bright emerald color) manufacture of ceramics and enamels photographic film pigments (coloring agents) in paints, metal preservatives, and marine paints water purification and wood preservatives. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used in electrical capacitors, electrical transformers, vacuum pumps, and gas transmission tribunes. They were also used as hydraulic fluids, plasticizers, adhesives, fire retardants, wax extenders, lubricants and cutting oils, inks, dedusting agents, etc. PCBs are no longer commercially produced in the United States but are still found in the environment. PCB s have been found in at least 500 of the 1598 National Priorities List Sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 

Use Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nitrocellulose fire-retardant for plastics air-filter medium solvent mixtures waterproofing additive to extreme pressure lubricants hydraulic fluid heat-exchange medium. 

That is, it should distend the wood surface and transport the phosphorylation into cell walls. The medium should be fluid in the anhydrous state at temperatures above 130 C and as far as possible should be chemically inert towards a wood The chemicals content in a treated wood was found to be higher at the surface and gradually decrease as it approached the center regardless of the thickness of treated wood as shown in Fig.4 The fire-regardant function would be gradated in accordance with chemicals content. To gain sufficient fire retardance it was necessary to contain more than 1.5% of phosphorus and 5% of nitrogen content in the surface layer of treated wood. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have a variety of industrial applications related to their high chemical and thermal stabilities, electrical resistance and low volatilities. Some of their uses are as dielectric fluids in capacitors and transformers, as lubricants and hydraulic fluids, as heat exchangers and fire retardants and as plasticizers. Commercial production began in the USA in 1929, but restrictions were imposed in the 1970s because of growing concerns about adverse biological effects, and the use of PCBs was banned in the USA in 1986. Some 37 kt were produced in 1970 (Goldberg 1976), and total production to 1980 has been estimated at 1.2 Mt, of which c.65% is still in use or has been deposited in landfills, c.4% has been destroyed and c.31% has been released to the environment (Tanabe 1988). 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are noted for their stability. They are resistant to heat, oxidation and attack by strong acids and bases. As a result of these extraordinary properties PCB have been used widely and successfully as dielectric fluids, fire retardants, heat transfer agents, hydraulic fluids, plasticizers and in other applications (A) ... 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) - currently banned compounds - were formerly used in hydraulic fluids, plasticizers, adhesives, fire retardants, and pesticide extenders. These contaminants are persistent in the environment and are present in sediments at the bottom of lakes, rivers, and seas. As they exhibit carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting activity, they are subject to regulation. For instance, in the United States, the maximum allowed concentration of PCBs in drinking water is 0.5 ng mL [21]. 

PCBs are extremely stable to heat, chemical, and biological decomposition. They are excellent insulating and cooling fluids, extensively used for many years in manufacture of transformers and capacitors. PCBs are also used in hydraulic fluids, lubricating oils, paints, adhesive resins, inks, fire retardants, wax extenders, and numerous other products. The chemical and physical properties of PCBs make the remediation of polluted sites difficult. They resist degradation and absorb into soils and colloidal materials in water. Some persist with half-lives of 8-15 years in the environmental compartments. This stability contributes to their dispersion in the environment and long-range air pollution. Because they are lipophilic, these species are stored in fatty tissues and accumulate in the food webs (see Section 2.2). 

In addition to surface-bonding the block building, physical properties of the sulfur formulation were investigated. Previous work (1) had determined that the formulation is practically odorless on curing, that it is fluid enough to spray and will bond without dripping and that it is fire retardant. 

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES results from the chlorination of finished water is biosynthesized and emitted to environment by marine microalgae in the ocean lab use organic synthesis fire-extinguisher fluid ingredient solvent in fats, waxes, and resins heavy liquid for mineral and salt separations fire retardant... 

Diluents such as dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, silicone fluid, benzene, toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, dichloroethane, mineral spirit, water and fire-retardant pastes, and so on, are used which greatly lower the shock and heat sensitivity of peroxides. Care should be taken to maintain the storage temperature within the recommended temperatme range. Too much coohng can result in crystallizations of peroxides from their diluent solvents and can cause danger. 

Phosphorus oxychloride is used to produce hydraulic fluids, plasticizers, and fire-retarding agents as a chlorinating agent and as a solvent in cryoscopy. 

While any halogen may halogenate a polyphenyl, chlorine and bromine are by far the more usual. They result in a large number of possible polychlorinated biphenyls syn. p.c.b.s, PCBs, PCB s), polyhalogenated biphenyls, and polyhalogenated terphenyls. No longer produced commercially, halogenated polyphenyls were widely used for their exceptional qualities as heat-transfer fluids, solvents, lubricants, dust suppressants, and fire retardants (some equipment that relies on these chemicals, like electrical transformers and capacitors, remains in use). 

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