Structure between

The carbonate ion is planar and can be regarded as a resonance structure between the three forms given below (see also p. 44) ... 

Figure 2-23. Transformation of representations of chemical structures between chemists and computers,...

The central 10 base pairs of the palindromic DNA molecule have a regular B-DNA structure. Between base pairs 5 and 6 in each half of the fragment (base pairs are counted from the center) there is a 40° kink which causes these base pairs to be unstacked (Figure 8.24a). After this localized kink the two end regions have an essentially B-DNA structure. The kink occurs at a TG step in the sequence GTG. These TG steps at positions 5 and 6 are highly conserved in both halves of different CAP-binding sites, presumably in part because they facilitate kinking. 

Another recent database, still in evolution, is the Linus Pauling File (covering both metals and other inorganics) and, like the Cambridge Crystallographic Database, it has a "smart software part which allows derivative information, such as the statistical distribution of structures between symmetry types, to be obtained. Such uses are described in an article about the file (Villars et al. 1998). The Linus Pauling File incorporates other data besides crystal structures, such as melting temperature, and this feature allows numerous correlations to be displayed. 

Table 2 provides a comparison of membrane structures. Between these two tables, you should get an idea of the operating conditions viz., membrane structural types, the driving forces involved in separation, and the separation mechanisms. 

Prepolymer An intermediate chemical structure between that of a monomer and the final resin. 

Electronic structures of SWCNT have been reviewed. It has been shown that armchair-structural tubes (a, a) could probably remain metallic after energetical stabilisation in connection with the metal-insulator transition but that zigzag (3a, 0) and helical-structural tubes (a, b) would change into semiconductive even if the condition 2a + b = 3N s satisfied. There would not be so much difference in the electronic structures between MWCNT and SWCNT and these can be regarded electronically similar at least in the zeroth order approximation. Doping to CNT with either Lewis acid or base would newly cause intriguing electronic properties including superconductivity. 

The major difference of the water structure between the liquid/solid and the liquid/liquid interface is due to the roughness of the liquid mercury surface. The features of the water density profiles at the liquid/liquid interface are washed out considerably relative to those at the liquid/solid interface [131,132]. The differences between the liquid/solid and the liquid/liquid interface can be accounted for almost quantitatively by convoluting the water density profile from the Uquid/solid simulation with the width of the surface layer of the mercury density distribution from the liquid/liquid simulation [66]. 

In all chemical reactions, the reacting atoms or molecules pass through a state that is intermediate in structure between the reactant(s) and the product(s). Consider the transfer of a proton from a water molecule to a chloride anion ... 

Semi-exposed walls and floors, which can be considered to be structures between a heated and an unheated part of a building ... 

The result is explained by considering the stacking structure between the quinoline moiety and the benzene ring linked to the carboxylic acid, which gives the cavity size adequate for Li+. (Fig. 3) Several selective host molecules for Li+ such as [13]crown-4 18), [14]crown-4 19), [16]crown-4 20>, or noncyclic polyether amide derivatives 21) also possess trimethylene moiety, and this is an interesting finding from the point of view of molecular design of new host molecules for Li+. 

Of course, that is not in fact the case. It would be a mistake, however, to dismiss Thomson s work. He and his contemporaries did not know the number of electrons in any particular atom. Thomson believed, for example, that an oxygen atom had as many as 56 electrons, whereas the current value stands at just eight. Rather, his scheme should be considered an attempt to explain periodicity according to similarities in electronic structures between different elements. 

In Fig. 14.27 we see that the planes in hexagonal boron nitride take positions in which the B atoms are located directly over N atoms, whereas in graphite (Fig. 14.29 ), the carbon atoms are offset. Explain this difference in structure between the two substances. 

Table 1 contains a list of the dihexulose dianhydrides currently in the literature, together with some mixed fructose-glucose dianhydrides. Trivial and IUPAC names are included. Each entry has a proposed abbreviation. Because of the great similarity of structure between all the compounds in Table I, these abbreviations are used, rather than numbers, in the context of this chapter. Thus, 1 is named as ot-D-Fru/-l,2 2,1 - 3-D-Frup, 2 as (3-D-Fru/-l,2 2,3 - 3-D-Fru/, and 3 as 3-D-Frup-1,2 2,l -ot-L-Sor/>. 

On the basis of experimental findings Heinze et al. propose the formation of a particularly stable, previously unknown tertiary structure between the charged chain segments and the solvated counterions in the polymer during galvanostatic or potentiostatic polymerization. During the discharging scan this structure is irreversibly altered. The absence of typical capacitive currents for the oxidized polymer film leads them to surmise that the postulated double layer effects are considerably smaller than previously assumed and that the broad current plateau is caused at least in part by faradaic redox processes. 

EPR studies on electron transfer systems where neighboring centers are coupled by spin-spin interactions can yield useful data for analyzing the electron transfer kinetics. In the framework of the Condon approximation, the electron transfer rate constant predicted by electron transfer theories can be expressed as the product of an electronic factor Tab by a nuclear factor that depends explicitly on temperature (258). On the one hand, since iron-sulfur clusters are spatially extended redox centers, the electronic factor strongly depends on how the various sites of the cluster are affected by the variation in the electronic structure between the oxidized and reduced forms. Theoret-... 

In the presence of the polyelectrolyte polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAAN), the formation of a pearl-necklace structure between AOT-reversed micelles and PAAN was... 

The results from such occluders show that Na channels differ in structure between their internal and external surfaces, have binding sites for a variety of monovalent and divalent cations, and are pharmacologically different despite very similar physiological actions in nerve, muscle, and mammalian cardiac cells. 

Despite the differences in nuclear structures between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the genetic code, i.e. the combination of bases which does for a particular amino acid in the process of protein synthesis, is the same as it is in all living organisms. 

The antiparallel strand structure between residues 131 and 238 in the cytoplasmic portion of Ca -ATPase was originally designated as transduction domain the name suggested its possible role in the conformational coupling between the nucleotide binding and phosphorylation sites exposed to the cytoplasm and the Ca channel located at some distance from each other in the lipid bilayer [8,42]. The site specific mutagenesis of conserved amino acids in the P strand sector of the molecule provides support for its proposed function in conformational transitions [103,126,127,215]. 

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