Fire hydrant systems

Regarding fires, water is the primary extinguishing agent, and it should be available in adequate supply and pressure at all of the locations in the plant. The layout for various types of installations and the appropriate recommendations are found in the standards of the National Fire Protection Association. Fire hydrants, hose lines, automatic sprinkler and water spray systems should all be a part of the permanent equipment facilities of the plant. 

Hydrants should be considered as a backup water supply source to monitors and fixed fire suppression systems. Hydrants should be located on the ring main at intervals to suitably direct water on the fire hazard with a fire hose. Hydrants monitors and hose reels should be placed a minimum of 15 meters (50 ft.) from the hazard they protect for onshore facilities. Hydrants in process areas should be located so that any portion of a process unit can be reached from at least two opposite directions with the use of 76 meters (250 ft), hose lines if the approach is made from the upwind side of the fire. Offshore hydrants are located at the main accessways at the edge of the platform for each module. Normal access into a location should not be impeded by the placement of monitors or hydrants. This is especially important for heavy crane access during maintenance and turnaround activities. 

Red a. Stop buttons or electrical switches used for emergency stopping of machines. b. Emergency stop handles or bars on machines. c. Hazardous operation indicating lights on control, alarm panels, or in the installation. d. Fire protection equipment and systems (e g., fire hydrants, monitors, reels, alarms, etc.). e. Portable flammable liquid containers. f. Stop condition. g. Identification of ESD isolation valves and actuators. 

Preplans are similar to floor plans except they will often show features on the outside of the building in addition to the floor plan, although they may have somewhat less detail on the interior of the building. Preplans are frequently made for businesses, churches, and similar types of commercial buildings. These plans are often carried on the trucks for reference by the crews at an incident. A preplan may include information on access roads around the building, connections to sprinkler systems, location of gas or bulk material storage, locations of fire hydrants, information on alarm systems in the building, and other critical information for the crews. 

One of the initial requirements made of the Modesto Project was installation of a comprehensive fire system. The large and unwieldy tire pile was surrounded by an underground sprinkler system and fire hydrants. Further, tire removal from the pile follows a carefully drafted plan to result in optimal fire lanes among the tires.1... 

Deininger (2000) also described potential attack points to our water-supply system upstream of the water intake or treatment plant (which would require large amounts of contaminant) the water intake or treatment plant a service reservoir and a point in the distribution system such as a fire hydrant. Individual houses and buildings, not isolated by backflow prevention devices, could also become attack points to the distribution system. He also concluded that there would be greater chances of success if contamination occurred after the treatment plant. There are many and varied agents that could be introduced into water-supply systems, and any one of the contaminants, or even the threat of contamination of the water supply, could cause panic, societal and political dismption. 

Yard facilities. All process piping, sewer lines, fire lines, and electrical distribution lines are located underground. The only exception is the circuit for the perimeter fence lighting system. Fire hydrants and hose l ouse s are placed at strategic locations throughout the site. An electric substation that transforms power from 138- kv to 2400 volts is located on the site. 

A description of the potential hazard and recommended actions to be taken by emergency and firefighting personnel dnring a fire or explosion event for a specific hazard, location, or facility based on previons inspections and surveys of identified hazards. Pre-fire plans note the structural features, physical layout, special hazards, installed protection systems, fire hydrant locations, water supplies, and similar features pertinent to firefighting operations. Pre-fire plans should be routinely updated or revised as changes occur in a facility or location. 

The local fire department must be well acquainted with your facility, its location, and specific hazards. The fire alarm system mnst be certified, as required, and tested at least annually. Interior standpipes must be inspected regularly. Outside private fire hydrants must be flushed at least once a year and on a routine preventive maintenance schedule. All fire doors and shutters must be in good operating condition, unobstructed, and protected against obstructions, including their counterweights. 

BS 5306 Code of Practice for fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises Part 1 1976 Hydrants systems, hose reels and foam inlets Part 2 1979 Sprinkler systems Part 3 1980 Portable fire extinguishers Part 4 1979 Carbon dioxide systems... 

Fire-fighting equipment includes fire hydrants, hose reels, sprinklers and fire control centres. Special care is needed in a building being eonstructed, in which sources of ignition may be more likely and fire systems are yet to be installed. 

As a starting point, a plot plan of the site should be prepared showing the locations of existing structures, property lines, entrances, exits, fire hydrants, sprinkler systems, emergency equipment, plant controls and shutoffs, and areas where specific hazardous materials are handled or stored. 

Fire Hydrants. Fire hydrants are provided on pnblic mains to allow the fire department to draw water with mobile pnmpers to snpply sprinkler and standpipe systems, as well as hose streams. Fire hydrants are provided on private mains to allow the fire brigade or fire department to supply hose streams, and to snpport sprinkler and standpipe systems with mobile pumpers. 

The available water flow for fire suppression is determined by flow testing the hydrant system. The water flow available at 20 psig (138 kPa) is determined, since this is the minimum pressure that usually must be maintained to satisfy water regulatory rules. 

Every industrial plant is protected by a fire water system that provides water to each piece of equipment through hydrants, monitors, or deluge spray systems. Each process unit has its own underground piping loop system, which is adequately valved to protect the system from a failure in any part of the line or isolation because of maintenance. Although each piece. of equipment must be protected by one hydrant or monitor, client specifications often override this rule and require two sources of fire water for each piece of equipment. Basic fire protection equipment consists of fire hydrants, hydrants with monitors, grade-level and elevated monitors, hose reels, and deluge and spray systems. 

Manual fire suppression systems and equipment, including hydrants, standpipes, hose stations and portable fire extinguishers. 

NFPA 850, Par 7.8.6 recommends that oil-filled main, station service, and startup transformers at power generation plants not meeting the separation or fire barrier recommendations should be protected with automatic water spray or foam-water spray systems. Additionally, it recommends that substations and switchyards located at the generating facility and utilizing combustible oil-filled equipment should be protected by fire hydrants where practical and consideration should be given to water spray protection of transformers critical to the transmission of the generated power. 

Fire protection equipment and systems (e.g., fire hydrants, hose reels, alarm points, etc.)... 

Start the fire pump to be tested and let it run for a minimum of 30 min, for stabilization of the mechanical systems. The firewater pump can be started manually from the controller, but it is typically preferred that a local fire water device is opened (i.e., fire hydrant(s)) to simulate firewater pump auto-start on low fire main pressure detection. If several fire pumps are arranged to start in sequence, the sequence startup should be verified to confirm programming logic arrangements. Adjust the driver (i.e., engine) rpm to operate the pump as close as possible to the rated rpm performance curve. 

Stationary fire extinguishing systems and equipment including the corresponding extinguishing media supplies, fire water pumps, hydrants, etc. 

With sand casting, probably the most common method, ordinary sand is used as the mold material. A two-piece mold is formed by packing sand around a pattern that has the shape of the intended casting. A gating system is usually incorporated into the mold to expedite the flow of molten metal into the cavity and to minimize internal casting defects. Sand-cast parts include automotive cylinder blocks, fire hydrants, and large pipe fittings. 

Provide adequate fixed fire protection for tanks and vessels containing flammable, unstable or reactive materials. This can include fire loops with hydrants and monitors in the storage area, foam systems for individual tanks, and deluge spray systems to keep the exposed surfaces of tanks cool in case of fire in an adjacent tank. 

Control valves for deluge Manual fire protection Separate units Place shutoffs well away from process areas. Install hydrants, monitors, and deluge systems. Add good drainage. Separate (space) plants on a site, and separate units within plants. Provide access from two sides. 

When water is combined with other additives, it can control and extinguish most petroleum fires. A water suppression system consists of a supply source, distribution system, and the end using equipment such as fixed spray systems, monitors, hose reels and hydrants. The objective of water suppression systems is to provide exposure cooling, fire control, suppression of fire incidents and may assist in the dispersion of flammable or toxic vapors. 

Warehouses Combustible Fire NFPA 231 1. Hydrants 2. Standpipe System 3. Sprinkler System 1. NFPA 24 2. NFPA 14 3. NFPA 13... 

Instruction signs should be posted at all emergency systems in which the operation of the unit is not inherently obvious (i.e., fire pump startup, fixed foam systems, etc.). Flow arrows of water flow should be provide on piping where the isolation means is provided. Number of hydrants, monitors, pumps, foam chambers can all enhance the operational use of such equipment. Control panel labels should be provided which are descriptive instead of just numerical identifications. 

Determine which fire main is to be analyzed. Within this segment select the hydrants that are the most remote on the system from the source of supply. (Most remote is intended to mean the most remote hydraulically and the selected hydrants may not be the most remote physically). A test hydrant and flow hydrant(s) are identified. The data collected will refer to the test hydrant. The flow hydrant is the next downstream hydrant(s) from the test hydrant. 

Fire water mains should be designed to handle the maximum pressures developed by fire water pumps. Systems operating at pressures over 150 psi (1,034 kPa) are discouraged, as this would exceed the normal design pressures for most fire protection assets such as monitors, hydrants, etc. 

Sufficient sectional block valves should be provided so that sections of the underground system can be taken out of service for repairs without undue interruption of the fire water protection. For example, the sectional block valves should be located so that a combination of no more than five resources, such as hydrants, monitors, water spray systems, etc. would be out-of-service at any given time. Sectional block valves should be provided at no more than 800 ft (243 m) intervals for long runs of pipe. 

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