Explosion event

EXP AC analyzes an interconnected network of building rooms and ventilation systems. A lumped-parameter formulation is used that includes the effects of inertial and choking flow in rapid gas transienl.s. The latest version is specifically suited to calculation of the detailed effects of explosions in the far field using a parametric representation of the explosive event. A material transport capability models the effects of convection, depletion, entrainment, and filtration of... 

As discussed in Section 3.2.1, other explosion events can occur that impact process plant buildings, including condensed-phase explosions, uncontrolled chemical reactions, PV ruptures, and BLEVEs. Appendix A and Reference 5 describe the information needed and the methods available for calculating blast parameters from these events. 

Identify the inventories of flammable and combustible materials within the process plant and the physical conditions under which they are contained. Similarly, identify other materials or process conditions that can result in explosion events, including condensed-phase explosions, physical explosions, or uncontrolled chemical reactions. 

To determine maximum individual risk, generic frequency data are required for explosion events for Process Units 1 and 2. For Process Unit 1, incident data were available from the unit licenser identifying three explosions in approximately 15,000 operating years, for an explosion frequency of 2.0 x 10-4 per year. For Process Unit 2, a fault tree analysis of the nitrogen vessel brittle fracture event had been conducted as part of an unrelated project. That study concluded that the frequency of brittle fracture failure of the nitrogen vapor storage vessel was 5x10"4 per year. 

If a hydrocarbon release is ignited, various possible fire and explosion events may result. The events are primarily dependent on the type of material, the rate of release, the item at which it is ignited and nature of the surrounding structure. 

Detonation Most violent type of explosive event supersonic decomposition reaction that propagates through energetic material to produce an intense shock in the surrounding medium (air or water) and rapid plastic deformation. 

These results stimulated a number of studies, both in industry (Conoco, Esso, Shell Pipeline) and in academia (University of Maryland, M.I.T.). The objective was, primarily, to delineate the mechanism that led to these explosive events. The results of many small-scale experiments, primarily conducted by Shell Pipeline Corporation and M.I.T., led to the hypothesis that the apparent explosion was, in fact, a very rapid vaporization of superheated LNG. Contact of LNG, of an appropriate composition, with water led to the heating of a thin film of the LNG well above its expected boiling temperature. If the temperature reached a value where homogeneous nucleation was possible, then prompt, essentially explosive vaporization resulted. This sequence of events has been termed a rapid phase transition (RPT), although in the earlier literature it was often described by the less appropriate title of vapor explosion. 

A series of experiments were run to find the probable cause of these explosive events. A 20-liter bucket was placed on the ground and a second bucket placed on a stand above it with a remotely actuated tipping device. In alternate experiments, water was poured on LNG and LNG on water. Foamed ice was formed, but no explosions occurred. The tests were extended by adding either additional LNG or water after the initial mixing of LNG and water had taken place. The further addition of LNG had no effect. However, when water was added to an already mixed quantity of LNG and water, an explosive event occurred which threw the contents of the bucket upward about 5 m. 

To understand better the nature of these explosive events, the Bureau of Mines (Burgess et al., 1972) carried out the following additional experiments ... 

Explosive events like the Big Bang and supernovas are the professionals in the nucleosynthesis game. They are the great dispensers and generous donators of atomic nuclei in the Universe. The quantity and simplicity of nuclear species created by the Big Bang - hydrogen and helium - can only be balanced by the quality, diversity and refinement of species produced in supernovas, including 90 atomic types from carbon to uranium. 

Time Delays (a) Gas-producing (b) Gasless For producing a time interval between two successive explosive events. 

For a three-body Coulomb explosion event, the total number of momentum components determined is nine (three for each fragment ion) in the laboratory frame. However, the number of independent momentum parameters required to describe the Coulomb explosion event in the molecular frame is reduced to three under conditions of conserved momentum. This is because three degrees of freedom in the momentum vector space are reserved to describe the translational momentum vector of the center of mass, and another three are used for the overall rotation of the system that describes the conversion from the laboratory frame to the molecular frame. In other words, the nuclear dynamics of a single Coulomb explosion event of CS, CS —> S+ + C+ + S+ in the molecular frame can be fully described in the three-dimensional momentum space specified by a set of three independent momentum parameters. There... 

The curved arm-like features are barely visible in the A >i2 - 012 map plotted on a linear scale (Fig. 1.8a). This is because the number of the corresponding events shows that this sequential process forms only 17% of all the three-body explosion events. The other coincidence events forming the dense distribution in the central part correspond to the concerted or nonsequen-... 

Oxidahon reactions in flammable solvents are crihcal to exothermic, fire, and explosion events. The simultaneous presence of reachve oxidants and flammable organic solvents represent operating conditions that require substanhal safety precautions and have the disadvantage of generating stoichiometric amounts of waste from the oxidant. Therefore the replacement of solvents, oxidants, and reac-hon methodology by environmentally compatible and safe reagents is of prime... 

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