Fire suppression

J. W. Hastie and C. L. McBee, ia R. G. Gann, ed., Halogenated Fire Suppressants, ACS Symposium Series 16, American Chemical Society,... 

AH gas-fired power plants require oxygen analy2ers to ensure that air has not been drawn into the piping system. Oxygen intake can lead to the presence of an explosive mixture in the pipeline before the fuel reaches the burner or combustor 2one. When gas-fired units are located in an enclosed area, multiple ultraviolet flame detectors are used to shut down equipment and flood the area with CO2 or a chemical fire suppressant whenever a spark or flame is detected. 

Provide fire suppression deluge protection in areas having high concentrations of flammables or combustibles Test reactive and critical raw materials prior to use Sample to confirm concentrations Label all containers... 

Check for plant integrity/flammable leaks periodically or continuously on-line, as appropriate Install appropriate fire/smoke detection, audible alarms Provide adequate fire suppression systems Deal with mishaps such as spillage immediately... 

Ensure the adequaey (in terms of quality, quantity and reliability) of serviees/utilities, e.g. steam, proeess/eooling water, eleetrieity, eompressed air, inert gas, fire suppression systems, ventilation. Stand-by or emergeney serviees may be required. Some general safety design eonsiderations are summarized in Table 12.11. 

Records or describes engineering controls and safeguards at specific facilities Detection, fire suppression, and security systems containment and drainage systems and utility shutoffs. 

The plant internal PSA can be used to identify critical equipment that could be damaged by fire. This form of screening was employed in the fire-risk portions of ZIP. At each location considered, the loss of all the equipment in the zone is postulated regardless of the size or position of the fire in the zone. If this does not show the occurrence of an initiating event (LOCA or transient) or if the safety functions are not damage to required for safe shutdown, the location is eliminated from consideration. If the location is found to be critical, it is considered furilier lot-detailed fire growth and fire suppression analyses. 

ESCA has been used to determine the molecular structure of the fluoride lon-induced tnmenzation product of perfluorocyclobutene [74] and the products of the sodium borohydnde reduction of perfluoromdene [75] ESCA is also used to analyze and optimize gas-phase reactions, such as the bromination of trifluoro-methane to produce bromotrifluoromethane, a valuable fire suppression agent [76] The ionization energies for several hundred fluorme-containing compounds are summarized in a recent review [77]... 

The unique combination of properties associated with certain fluonnated methanes and ethanes has led to their widespread use in fire suppression systems The three halogenated fire suppression agents in general use today are bromo-trifluoromethane (CF Br, Halon 1301), bromochlorodifluoromethane (CF2BtCl, Halon 1211) and, in small volumes, primarily in the republics of the former Soviet Union and Eastern European nations, 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane (BrCF2Cp2Br, Halon 2402)... 

Ford, C L In Halogenated Fire Suppressants, Gann, R G, Ed, ACS Symposium Senes 16, Amencan Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1975, pp 1-63... 

By identifying the potential sources of failures, it is possible to develop controls to address those hazards. These controls might be passive physical items (e.g., dikes, walls, vents), active physical systems (e.g., fire suppression, pressure limiters, temperature controls), or administrative procedures. 

Taxonomy No. 4,2.3.2 Equipment Description PROTECTION SYSTEMS-FIRE- FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS-WATER ... 

Direct damage to assets This may be caused by explosion, rainwater ingress and fire. The level of security is dependent upon good building details and the fire-suppression system used. 

The counterflow configuration has been extensively utilized to provide benchmark experimental data for the study of stretched flame phenomena and the modeling of turbulent flames through the concept of laminar flamelets. Global flame properties of a fuel/oxidizer mixture obtained using this configuration, such as laminar flame speed and extinction stretch rate, have also been widely used as target responses for the development, validation, and optimization of a detailed reaction mechanism. In particular, extinction stretch rate represents a kinetics-affected phenomenon and characterizes the interaction between a characteristic flame time and a characteristic flow time. Furthermore, the study of extinction phenomena is of fundamental and practical importance in the field of combustion, and is closely related to the areas of safety, fire suppression, and control of combustion processes. 

In some cases more drastic action may be necessary. For instance, when the temperature of a reactor exceeds a given value a reaction inhibitor may be added to the mixture. Or, as noted before, when small solid particles are being handled in the presence of air, a fire-suppression system may be installed that will quickly snuff out any incipient explosion. 

J,W. Hastie and C.L. McBee, "Mechanistic Studies of Halogenated Flame Retardants The Antimony-Halogen Systems,"in Halogenated Fire Suppressants, R.G. 

The data reported in Table VI for Halon 1301 concentration required for flame extinguishment vary in the range of 3 to %, which is comparable to the range found for ordinary combustibles. Thus maintenance of Halon 1301 concentrations in excess of is expected to extinguish fires in the ignition zone for the FRC materials this concentration limit satisfies the current Halon 1301 requirements for fire suppression systems for tracked vehicles. 

Tewarson, A., "Fire Suppression and Extinguishment in Small-Scale Experiments," Factory Mutual Research Corporation, Norwood, MA, Technical Report (to be published). 

Used industrially as a solvent and in chemical synthesis as a fire suppressant and a gage fluid. 

With the use of the rapid fire detection and water deluge, there was no mass fire and the mix was ckrped into water for continued fire suppression. Any fire with RP results in the formation of white phosphorus (WP). WP must be covered with water since it ignites spontaneously when exposed to air. Processing studies were conducted to determine the best methods for pollution abatement since UP/water mixtures are toxic at 29 pob for blue gill bream and since high levels of phosphorus [reported as total phosphorus may not be durped into the environment. 

Ultra-High-Speed Fire Suppression for Explosives Facilities... 

Advancements In Electronic Fire Detection in the past fifteen to twenty (15 to 20) years has made Ultra High Speed Deluge Systems for explosive facilities quite feasible and reliable. Since Detection has been covered in previous chapters, this chapter will focus mainly on Ultra High Speed Deluge Fire Suppression. Discussed are the three (3) most popular ultra high speed fire suppression systems presently used in explosive facilities. 

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