Electrical substations

Mini-Subst tlons. Development of SF -iasulated lines and circuit breakers made possible development of a compact electric substation that requires one-tenth the land area of conventional designs (64,68). Other advantages of the ministation are freedom from effects of weather and pollution, and reduced risk of vandaUsm (69). Substation units ia which SF iasulates 400 and 500 kV d-c equipment have been developed (70). 

Inclusion of thermography into a predictive maintenance program will enable you to monitor the thermal efficiency of critical process systems that rely on heat transfer or retention electrical equipment and other parameters that will improve both the reliability and efficiency of plant systems. Infrared techniques can be used to detect problems in a variety of plant systems and equipment, including electrical switchgear, gearboxes, electrical substations, transmissions, circuit breaker panels, motors, building envelopes, bearings, steam lines, and process systems that rely on heat retention or transfer. 

Electrical Substation Water treatment plant Cooling tower Air compressors Parking lot Main water pumps Warehouses that contain non-hazardous, nonexplosive, and nonflammable materials Fired heaters All ignition sources... 

A tank containing liquid butane (C4H10) is located 500 ft from an electrical substation. One of the scenarios we are considering is the breaking of a 1-in schedule 40 pipe (internal diameter = 1.049 in) with discharge of the liquid butane. We are concerned that this leak will cause flammable vapor concentrations at the substation. Assume that all the liquid flashes to vapor. 

In only 30 months, the Manhattan Project built 554 buildings including reactors, separation plants, laboratories, craft shops, warehouses, and electrical substations. The Hanford Site plutonium production reactors (B, D, and F) were rectangular, measured 36 feet long by 28 feet wide by 36 feet high, used 200 tons of uranium metal fuel and 1200 tons of graphite, were water cooled, and operated at an initial power level of 250 million watts (thermal). They dwarfed the reactors at other sites. 

Girvin et al. [358] evaluated the release of PCBs from electrical substation soils contaminated with transformer fluids. They observed that there are two phases to the uptake and release of PCBs with these soils. The initial phase is a rapid, labile phase that is followed by a slower, nonlabile phase. The labile phase occurs at a scale of hours to days while the nonlabile phase releases over weeks and months. Girvin et al. [422] also reviewed the effects of adsorption on the mobility of PCBs and their transport. In an example presented for a hexa-chlorobiphenyl, these authors noted that the PCB isomer would have a retardation factor Rf of 1400 for the particular case given. This means that the ground-... 

At least one CO2 extinguisher (10-B C) or equivalent other clean agent extinguisher should be located outside the entrance door to the unit electrical substation for Class C fires. 

Fired heaters, field located emergency shutdown or activation switch stations, and unit electrical substations. 

Utilities and services capital Electrical substations, plant sewers, water distribution facilities, and occasionally the steam plant. 

Location of machine shops, welding shops, electrical substations, and other likely ignition sources... 

The fluids in both large and small capacitors were essentially 100J PCBs. Capacitors in common household appliances, e.g., fluorescent fixtures, air conditioners, TV sets, used between 0.1 and 0.6 lb. of PCB per appliance, with an estimated minimum use lifetime of 10 years. According to EPA estimates, approximately 10% of these small capacitors were retired annually, leaving about 350 million units still in use as late as 1984. Large capacitors (>3 lb. PCBs) were predominant in electrical substations, buildings and on utility poles. There were still about 3 3 million of these capacitors in service in 1981 (CIB 45,... 

Utilities-steam, water, power, refrigeration, compressed air, fuel, waste disposal Facilities-boiler plant incinerator, wells, river intake, water treatment, cooling towers, water storage, electric substation, refrigeration plant, air plant, fuel storage, waste disposal plant, environmental controls, fire protection... 

Sulfur hexafluoride, one of the heaviest known gases, is used in this electrical substation to insulate circuit breakers, transformers, and other electrical equipment including high voltage transmission lines. 

Disruption of basic infrastructure or society for example, initiating a computer vims attack, blowing up key electrical substations or factories, attacking government officials and offices, and attacking key cultural icons such as sporting events, tourist destinations, and national monuments. 

At one facility electrical substation, parts that were no longer supplied by the vendor had to be replaced. Through the use of the engineering change proposal (ECP) system employed at the plant, equivalent replacement parts were obtained through a local vendor. This is another example of the types of proactive steps being taken by plant management to address potential obsolescence issues. 

Yard facilities. All process piping, sewer lines, fire lines, and electrical distribution lines are located underground. The only exception is the circuit for the perimeter fence lighting system. Fire hydrants and hose l ouse s are placed at strategic locations throughout the site. An electric substation that transforms power from 138- kv to 2400 volts is located on the site. 

The electrical supply equipment is the second biggest equipment package after the mechanical equipment. The package includes the transformer/rectifier (T/R) sets and bus bars for providing DC power to the cells, the associated power factor correction equipment and harmonics filtration equipment, and the service transformers and circuitry. This equipment will typically comprise about 15 - 25 % of the cellhouse cost. The cost is heavily influenced by whether or not an electrical substation is included, and by the redundancy requirements for the T/R sets. A plant can choose to have no spare T/R capacity, partial redundancy, or full redundancy. Such cost savings must be weighed against the cost of lost production when a T/R set fails. 

For the depropanizer column, most of the default values are acceptable. Because a single distillation system would be installed normally on an existing plant site, using utilities provided by the site, the Project Type would not be selected as Grass Roots/Clear field. This Project Type would cause new items, already provided at the site, to be included in the design and cost estimates. Typically, these include a new control system and electrical substation components. 

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