Technological properties

A. H. Landrock, Polyurethane Foams Technology Properties and Applications, Report 37, Plastic Technical Evaluation Center, Picatiuny Arsenal, Dover, N.J., 1969. 

Consumer articles often use colorants (qv), reodorants, or finishing agents. Carbon black (qv) provides the best technological properties for industrial appHcations, so most mbber articles are black. Red iron oxide or other inorganic pigments are used to color mineral-filled articles. Organic... 

Hinds, W. C. (1999). Aerosol Technology Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles (2nd ed.). John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Table 7 Effect of Morphological and Molecular Aspects on the Technological Properties...

Figure 1 Molecular and morphological parameters influencing technological properties of multiphasic polymer blends.

Titanium dioxide (E171, Cl white 6) is a white, opaque mineral occurring naturally in three main forms rutile, anatase, and brookite. More than 4 million tons of titanium dioxide are produced per year and it is widely used for industrial applications (paints, inks, plastics, textiles) and in small amounts as a food colorant. ° "° Production and properties — Titanium oxide is mainly produced from ilmenite, a titaniferous ore (FeTiOj). Rutile and anatase are relatively pure titanium dioxide (Ti02) forms. Titanium oxide pigment is produced via chloride or sulfate processes via the treatment of the titanium oxide ore with chlorine gas or sulfuric acid, followed by a series of purification steps. High-purity anatase is preferred for utilization in the food industry. It may be coated with small amounts of alumina or silica to improve technological properties. 

This section aims to present a brief overview of the most significant literature covering general aspects of common techniques used currently for natural food colorant analysis, and specifically current protocols applied to analyze minor natural food colorants whose chemical and technological properties are presented in Sections 2.3 and 7.2. We consider here only pure colorants or extracts that seek or have received approval for use as food additives in the United States and European Union. Legislative aspects are detailed in Sections 7.1 and 7.2. 

There are many advantages of using metal chlorides as interprocess intermediates. One of the most important advantages is that the metal chlorides could be readily purified. In other words, co-occurring metals could be more readily separated from one another as chlorides. This is particularly important when the co-occurring metals have very different technological properties and the presence of one in another in the final product is detrimental to the intended commercial application. A famous example of such co-occurrence is that of zirconium and hafnium in the mineral zircon. Not more than 100 ppm hafnium should be present in the zirconium intended for use in the nuclear reactor core. The hafnium content of zircon is about 2.5%. 

P Paquin. Technological properties of high pressure homogenizers the effect of fat globules, milk proteins and polysaccharides. Int Dairy J 9(3-6) 329-335, 1999. 

SPG is a spectrally pure graphite. It is a powder containing rather large fractions (up to 500 microns). This material was not intended for application in Lithium-Ion cells and has no technological properties necessary for manufacturing of a thin electrode. The fraction up to 100 microns was selected from it, and this allowed making the required electrodes. 

Annatto is well established in the market and its use is increasing in poundage probably due to its superior technological properties. If some of the health claims prove to be true, annatto will enjoy increased interest. Saffron is well established in the gourmet markets but its use will be restrained because of its high price. 

The success of the carotenoid extracts led to the commercialization of synthetic carotenoids, some with the same chemical structure as those in the plant extracts and others with modifications to improve their technological properties. The yellow beta-carotene was synthesized in 1950, followed by the orange beta-8-carotenal in 1962 and the red canthaxanthin in 1964. A number of others soon followed, methyl and ethyl esters of carotenoic acid, citraxanthin, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, and recently lutein. 

The structures of four of the synthetic carotenoids (beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, beta-apo-8 -carotenol, beta-apo-8 -carotenoic acid) are shown in Fig. 8.2. By virtue of their conjugated double bond structure, they are susceptible to oxidation but formulations with antioxidants were developed to minimize oxidation. Carotenoids are classified as oil soluble but most foods require water soluble colorants thus three approaches were used to provide water dispersible preparations. These included formulation of colloidal suspensions, emulsification of oily solutions, and dispersion in suitable colloids. The Hoffman-LaRoche firm pioneered the development of synthetic carotenoid colorants and they obviously chose candidates with better technological properties. For example, the red canthaxanthin is similar in color to lycopene but much more stable. Carotenoid colorants are appropriate for a wide variety of foods.10 Regulations differ in other countries but the only synthetic carotenoids allowed in foods in the US are beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and beta-8-carotenol. 

Carmine is well entrenched in the food industry and probably will remain there because of its superior technological properties. It is, however, a very labor intensive industry because of the hand harvesting of the insects with a consequent high price. 

FIGURE 2.3 Variable (feature) matrix X and a property vector y. The property may be a continuous number (a physical, chemical, biological, or technological property), as well as a discrete number or categorical variable defining a class membership of the objects. 

Resistance to change There is reluctance to change to an unknown technology, has different technological properties and depends on skilled operators. 

P. Paquin Technological Properties of High-Pressure Homogenizers The Effect of Eat Globules, Milk Proteins, and Polysachharides. Int. Dairy J. 9, 329 (1999). 

New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.2071-5. 012 DEVELOPMENTS IN HIGH STRENGTH IPP TECHNOLOGY PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS... 

The increasing interest in nutritional and functional properties of soybean protein has promoted their use in the manufacturing of foods for human consumption. Soybean products (particularly infant formulas and soybean dairy-like) may also represent an interesting substitute for infants and people allergic to milk proteins. On the other hand, due to their technological properties and low cost, soybean proteins are increasingly employed as ingredients in milk, bakery, and meat products, in which their addition is forbidden or allowed up to a certain limit. 

M.M Koton, Chemical Technology, Properties and Utilization of Plastics, Khimia, Leningrad, Russia, 1978. 

Hinds, V W Aerosol Technology Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of... 

UHMWPE possesses a unique combination of mechanical and technological properties and enjoys a variety of special applications based on low friction (solid lubricant), wear resistance (protection of metal surfaces), excellent chemical stability, as well as radiation and neutron resistance. UHMWPE is used in chemical processing, food and beverage industries, foundries, the lumber industry the electrical industry, as medical implants and in mining and mineral processing sewage treatment, and transportation. 

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