Field pulses

Linear Dichroism. In this technique, the DNA molecules are aligned either by an applied electric field pulse or in a flow gradient. The orientation of the aromatic residues of the metabolite model compounds bound to the DNA (either covalently or non-covalently) relative to the orientation of the DNA bases is probed utilizing linearly polarized light. The linear dichroism A A can be either negative or positive, and is defined as... 

Ade-Omowaye BIO, Rastogi NK, Angersbach A and Knorr D. 2002. Osmotic dehydration of bell peppers influence of high intensity electric field pulses and elevated temperature treatment. J Food Eng 54 35—43. Ajlouni S, Kremer S and Masih L. 2001. Lycopene contents in two different tomato cultivars. Food Aust... 

Rastogi, N.K., Eshtiagi, M.N., and Knorr, D. 1999. Accelerated mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of high intensity electrical field pulse pretreated carrots. J. Food Sci. 64, 1020-1023. 

Apart from the temperature-jump technique, other relaxation methods that have been used are those of ultrasonic absorption" " and electric-field pulse. Another technique that has been used for some of the more slowly included guest molecules is that of stopped-flow. ... 

In FFC relaxometry, the most conspicuous pulser-controlled device (apart from the RF excitation channel) is the magnet system. In other words, we generate Bq field pulses of considerable amplitude, often switching the magnet field between zero and a maximum value of over 1 T, and we rigorously synchronize such Bq pulses with the RF signal-excitation and/or preparation pulses. This, moreover, does not exclude the possibility to control other devices as well. 

Fig. 3.(a) Response of the purple membrane as well as apomembrane following an electrical field pulse of 20 kV/cm, measuring light 300 nm with polarization angle 55°. (6) See above, fluorescence difference was recorded as indicator of umbilliferon. 

Coherent External Field Modulated External Field Pulsed External Field Final Remarks Chaos in Kerr Oscillators A. Introduction Basic Equations... 

When the pulsed-field ionization signal of a single excited Rydberg peak is measured as a function of the delay time between the extraction field pulse... 

Essentially, this method is based on subjecting cell membranes to a short external electric field pulse of an intensity comparable to the electric field strength of the membrane 77). Under these conditions the membrane breaks down locally and becomes permeable. This process is reversible, i.e. the membrane reconstitutes its original properties in time intervals which can be experimentally controlled. 

Fig. 51 a—c. Phase-contrast photographs of a fusion of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) prepared from a 1 1 mixture of (26) and cholesterol. Vesicle diameters 37 and 45 pm, respectively, a) orientation in an ac field of about 2 kV/cm b) elongated fused liposome, one second after application of a 30 ps, 140 V/cm field pulse c) spherical new vesicle after turning off ac field new diameter 51 pm83)... 

When field ionization threshold curves such as the one shown in Fig. 7.4 are measured for many states, they can be plotted together to exhibit the n dependence of the ionization threshold field. In Fig. 7.5 we show a plot of the threshold fields (50% ionization) for the Na m = 0, 1, and 2 states obtained with a 0.5 / risetime field pulse similar to the one shown in Fig. 7.1(b).8 In Fig. 7.5 it is apparent that, while the threshold fields of the m = 0 states are described by Eq. 

A beam of metastable Xe atoms is excited to a Rydberg state or photoionized and the product Xe+ ions are expelled by a field pulse from 2-5 /is later and impinge upon a position sensitive detector. When the metastable Xe is photoionized the pattern reflects the geometry of the metastable Xe beam, and the same is true when Xe+ is produced by attachment of the electron from a Xe 60f state to SF6. Apparently, there is no deflection of the Xe + by the SF6 . However, at low n,n< 40, the pattern of Xe+ detected is twice as broad as the metastable beam, indicating deflection of the Xe+ ion by the SF6-. As expected, the deflections of the Xe+ become more pronounced at lower n. 

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