Pulsed field gradients coherence selection

The 15N,1H shift correlation maps are most conveniently recorded with a sensitivity-enhanced HSQC sequence with incorporated water flip-back pulses for reduced saturation transfer and pulsed-field gradients for coherence selection. The pulse sequence of the experiment is shown in Fig. 14.4 A. 

Fig. 2. Pulse sequence for selective reverse INEPT using pulsed field gradients to select the coherence transfer echo. The 180° pulse pair in the middle of the 2r delay is not normally needed for t < 50 ms, and the second proton 180° pulse and first t2 delay maybe omitted if a linear phase gradient in the resultant spectrum can be tolerated. The second field gradient pulse has an area (7c/th) times that of the first.

Coherence selection using pulsed field gradients... 

X/Y coherence transfer steps as in the original HNCA experiment.41 As in the previous case, X nuclei are selectively irradiated by low power rectangular or shaped pulses, and coherence selection is accomplished by the matched pulsed field gradients Gb G2 and further assisted by a spoil gradient Gs. Owing to the need to avoid -pulses in the X-channel, the spectra are processed in magnitude mode in the fft dimension. 

The idea of back transformation of a three-dimensional NMR experiment involving heteronuclear 3H/X/Y out-and-back coherence transfer can in principle be carried to the extreme by fixing the mixing time in both indirect domains. Even if one-dimensional experiments of this kind fall short of providing any information on heteronuclear chemical shifts, they may still serve to obtain isotope-filtered 3H NMR spectra. A potential application of this technique is the detection of appropriately labelled metabolites in metabolism studies, and a one dimensional variant of the double INEPT 111/X/Y sequence has in fact been applied to pharmacokinetics studies of doubly 13C, 15N labelled metabolites.46 Even if the pulse scheme relied exclusively on phase-cycling for coherence selection, a suppression of matrix signals by a factor of 104 proved feasible, and it is easily conceivable that the performance can still be improved by the application of pulsed field gradients. 

Zhu, J. M., Smith, 1. C. P., Selection of Coherence Transfer Pathways hy pulsed-Field Gradients in NMR Spectroscopy, Concept.s in Magnetic Resonance An Educational Journal, 1995, 7 (No 4)... 

Coherence Pathway Selection with Pulsed Field Gradients... 

We saw in Chapter 8 how a selective 180° pulse can be placed between two gradients of the same sign and duration to give a pulsed field gradient spin echo (PFGSE) that not only selects the desired coherence but also destroys any other coherences. First, we use a hard 90° pulse to create coherence on all spins, and then the first gradient twists the coherence into a helix (Fig. 8.21). The selective 180° pulse reverses the direction of twist in... 

In practice, HNCO is now carried out by a somewhat more complex pulse sequence than that given in Fig. 12.16 in order to improve its efficiency. Pulsed field gradients are added to aid coherence pathway selection an INEPT transfer from N to K replaces the multiple quantum coherence step and the N evolution is carried out with a constant time experiment. 

Pulsed field gradients are added to existing NMR pulse sequences in order to suppress artifacts and/or to select certain coherence transfer pathways. The application of gradients for these two purposes maintain different requirements and benefits. 

This process was described in Section 6-3 as a simple 90° pulse that left unwanted signals along the z axis. In practice, coherence numbers are selected either by phase cycles or by pulsed field gradients. The process of phase cycling, described in Section 5-8, can select a particular phase coherence by exploiting differences between phases. Pulsed field gradients generally perform the operation more efficiently. (See Section 6-6.)... 

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