Nuclear magnetic resonance pulsed-field gradient spin-echo

Hakansson, B., Pons, and Soderman, O. Structure determination of a highly concentrated W/O emulsion using pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance diffusion diffractograms, Langmuir, 15, 988,1999. 

As a qualitative means to investigate the ionic nature of acid-base systems, various techniques have been employed such as one- or two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [31], infrared (IR) spectroscopy [32], the Walden plot [33], the ratio of molar conductivities AjmpMNMR (determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pulse-field-gradient spin-echo NMR, respectively) [34], Some of these will be discussed below. 

While the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique has widely been used to study diffusion processes of normal liquids, solids, or colloidal systems, there are only a few applications to molten salts. The spin echo self-diffusion method with pulsed field gradients was applied to molten salts by Herdlicka et al. "" There is no need to set up or maintain a concentration gradient. 

JE Tanner. Use of a Pulsed Magnetic-field Gradient for Measurements of Self-diffusion by Spin-Echo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with Applications to Restricted Diffusion in Several Tissues and Emulsions. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1966. 

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