Fenugreek seed

Variation in Diosgenin Levels 10 Accessions of Fenugreek Seeds... 

Taylor, W. G. Zulyniak, H. ]. Richards, K. W. Acharya, S. N. Bittman, S. Elder, ]. L. Variation in Diosgenin Levels among 10 Accessions of Fenugreek Seeds Produced in Western Canada. ]. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 5994-5997. 

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Wu Ru Ba (Fenugreek) (seed) Trigonelline, saponins, flavone derivatives including vitex, saponaretin, isoorientin, vitexin-7-glucoside.33 Reduce plasma cholesterol levels, support hepatic and renal functions. 

Kaushalya, G., . K. Thakral, S. K. Arora, M. L. Chowdhary, and K. Gupta. 1996. Structural carbohydrate and mineral contents of fenugreek seeds. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J. 20 120-124. 

Kaviarasan, S., Vijayalakshmi, K., and Anuradha, C.V., 2004, Polyphenol-rich extract of fenugreek seeds protect erythrocytes from oxidative damage, Plant Foods Hum. Nutrition 59 143-147. 

Taylor W, Zulyniak H, Richards K, Acharya S, Bittman S, Elder J. 2002. Variation in diosgenin levels among 10 accessions of fenugreek seeds produced in western Canada. J Agric Food Chem 50 5994-5997. 

Diosgenin yamogenin Fenugreek seeds Elexane-ethyl acetate extraction Infrared spectrometry - [18,19]... 

Benichou, A., Aserin, A., and Garti, N. 1999. Steroid-saponins from fenugreek seeds extraction, purification and surface properties. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 20, 581—605. 

Sharma, R.D. 1986. An evaluation of hypocholesterolemic factor of fenugreek seeds (T. foenum graecum) in rats. Nutr. Rep. Int. 33, 669-677. 

Sharma, R.D. 1986. Effect of fenugreek seeds and leaves on blood glucose and serum insulin responses in human subjects. Nutr. Res. 6, 1353-1364. 

Sharma, R.D. 1996. Hypolipidaemic effect of fenugreek seeds a chronic study in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Phytother. Res. 10, 332-334. 

Sowmya, P. and Rajyalakshmi, P. 1998. Hypocholesterolemic effect of germinated fenugreek seeds in human subjects. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 53, 359—365. 

Mannose-containing Polysaccharides. Part II. The Galactomannan of Fenugreek Seed (Trigonella foenumgraecum), P. Andrews, L. Hough, and J. K. N. Jones,/. Chem. Soc., (1952)2744-2750. 

International trade in mixed spices (curcuma, turmeric and curry powder, laurel leaves, curry paste, dill and fenugreek seeds) grew by 5% and 11% in volume and value terms, respectively, in 2003/04. The main importing countries were the USA, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. India supplied 14% of the total import value of this spice category to the US and UK markets in 2004. 

As for coriander, in the unripe fruits and the vegetative parts of the plant, aliphatic aldehydes predominate in the steam-volatile oil and are responsible for the peculiar aroma. On ripening, the fruits acquire a more pleasant and sweet odour and the major constituent of the volatile oil is the monoterpene alcohol, linalool. Sotolon (also known as sotolone, caramel furanone, sugar lactone and fenugreek lactone) is a lactone and an extremely powerful aroma compound and is the major aroma and flavour component of fenugreek seeds (Mazza et al., 2002). 

Fenugreek seed is used as a spice in culinary preparations. In most cases, the whole seeds are used. When separated into testa and albumen, fenugreek has completely... 

Lawrence (1987) reviewed the volatile oil composition of fenugreek seeds. Mazza et al. (2002) determined the volatile oil composition of Sicilian fenugreek seeds extracted by different methods (Table 13.4). Headspace analysis... 

Table 13.3. Odour-active compounds detected in an aroma extract of fenugreek seeds.

The seeds contain about 7% fixed oil consisting mainly of linoleic, oleic and lino-lenic acids. Fenugreek seeds from Andhra Pradesh contained 5.00-6.45% fatty oil (Ramachandraiah et al., 1986). Hot alcohol was reported as the best solvent for extract-... 

Fenugreek seeds and leaves have been used extensively in various medicinal preparations. The leaves are refringent and... 

Ingestion of fenugreek powder reduces total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Fenugreek is thus considered a dietary supplement for hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects (Sharma et al., 1996a). The antidiabetic effects of fenugreek seeds in type I and type II diabetes in both human and animal models have been well established (Basch et al, 2003). 

Continuous feeding of rats with 1% fenugreek seed powder (FSP) and 0.05% and 0.10% diosgenin suppressed total colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) by up to 32, 24 and 42%, respectively, in azoxymethane-induced carcinogenesis in rats. During the promotional stages, FSP inhibited total ACF. 

Devasena and Menon (2007) reported that fenugreek seeds had a modulatory effect on colon tumour incidence, as well as hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) during DMH (1,2-dimethylhydrazine) colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. In DMH-treated rats, 100% colon tumour incidence was accompanied by enhanced LPO and a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) content, as well as a fall in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Inclusion of fenugreek seed powder in the diet of DMH-treated rats reduced the colon tumour incidence to 16.6%, decreased the lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of GPx, GST, SOD and CAT in the liver. 

Polyphenolic extract of fenugreek seed acts as a protective agent against ethanol-induced abnormalities in the liver and the effects are comparable with those of a known hepatoprotective agent, silymarin (Kaviarasan and Anuradha, 2007). 

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