Antidiabetic effect

Miura T, Ueda N, Yamada K, Fnknshima M, Ishida T, Kaneko T, Matsuyama F, Seino Y. (2006) Antidiabetic effects of corosolic acid in KK-Ay diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull 29 585-587. 

Korec R, Korecova M, Sensch KH, Zoukas T. (2000) Antidiabetic effect of neoflavonoid coutareagenin in STZ diabetic rats and diabetic menopausal women. Diabetes Res Clin Prac 50 42. 

Vessal M, Hemmati M, Vasei M. (2003) Antidiabetic effects of qnercetin in streptozotocin-indnced diabetic rats. Comp Biochem Physiol Part C 135 357-364. 

Matsuda H, Tokunaga M, HirataN, Iwahashi H, Naruto S, Kubo M. (2004) Studies on Palanan medicinal herbs. I. Antidiabetic effect of Ongael, leaves of Phaleria cumingii (MEISN.) F. VILL. Nat Med 58 278-283. 

Vanadium has effects similar to and different from that of insulin [100,101,124], The antidiabetic influence of the metal can be considered insulin-enhancing, rather than insulin-mimetic, because vanadium compounds cannot totally substitute for insulin in any model of diabetes that strictly requires insulin, such as the BB rat [125], a model of type 1 diabetes. In addition, vanadium can exert its antidiabetic effects via a mechanism or combination of mechanisms distinct from that of insulin. The metabolic actions of vanadium on metabolism do not include all of the actions of insulin, yet normal animals produce less serum insulin when given vanadium. The terms insulin-mimetic or insulin-like frequently appear in the literature for actions of vanadium that cannot be classified as similar to or different from that of insulin in the experimental system utilized. 

In order to fully understand the antidiabetic effects of vanadium, or any other drug, cellular studies are extended to mammalian models of diabetes, frequently in rodents. Models exist and have been used for vanadium studies of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Below, general results observed with vanadium compounds in the various model systems are described. More detailed descriptions of the molecular signal transduction systems affected are given in references [12,13,100,133],... 

The influences of vanadium compounds on cardiovascular function, a major complication of diabetes, has been reviewed [144], One of the first papers on the antidiabetic effects of oral administration of vanadium compounds (vanadyl sulfate) to rats with STZ-induced diabetes showed improvement of diabetes-impaired cardiac function [122], Recent work has focused on the correction of metabolic defects of diabetes by vanadium and learning more about the immediate mechanism of the antidiabetic effect. The assumption is made that amelioration of the basic metabolic problems of diabetes by vanadium or any other drug will alleviate the long-term complication arising from disease. Diet supplementation with minerals, such as chromium, appears to complement traditional treatments of diabetes to slow the development of complications. Mineral supplementation is believed to be most effective when dietary supplementation is used to correct a deficiency of a mineral [145],... 

Ingestion of fenugreek powder reduces total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Fenugreek is thus considered a dietary supplement for hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects (Sharma et al., 1996a). The antidiabetic effects of fenugreek seeds in type I and type II diabetes in both human and animal models have been well established (Basch et al, 2003). 

Thus, although traditional herbal medicines are candidates for diabetes prevention, it is very important to give scientific evidence for their antidiabetic effects. Commdina communis (Commelinaceae) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an antipyretic for noninfectious fever and to treat ascites, edema, and hordeolum [113], and is now very popular in Korea for the treatment of diabetes [114]. 

Frequent research on aqueous extracts of seeds has shown a strong antidiabetic effect in rats (Maitin et al, 2004, cited in (3)). 

These findings remain puzzling and PPARy ligands need to be examined more thoroughly to elucidate their true in vivo receptor modulating abilities. Possibly, receptors in addition to PPARy are involved in the antidiabetic effects of these molecules. Several recent reports have disclosed that some PPARy ligands bind to a receptor on mitochondria referred to as mitoNEET and that this receptor is responsible for at least a portion of their antidiabetic activity [81]. 

A new class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists with a novel binding epitope shows antidiabetic effects. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 41124-411 30. 

Talpur, N.A., Echard, B.W., Fan, A.Y., Jaffari, O., Bagchi, D., and Preuss, H.G., Antihypertensive and antidiabetic effects of whole maitake mushroom powder and its fractions in two rat strains. Molecular Pharmacol Biol, (in press). 

Antibody formation has been reported in 40-50% of patients receiving Exenatide treatment [119-121]. However, these antibodies seemed to exhibit a weak binding affinity and have not been associated with severely impaired antidiabetic effectiveness of exenatide in the majority of treated subjects. 

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