Serum insulin response

Sharma, R.D. 1986. Effect of fenugreek seeds and leaves on blood glucose and serum insulin responses in human subjects. Nutr. Res. 6, 1353-1364. 

SERUM INSULIN RESPONSE TO GLUCAGON AS AN INDEX OF INSULIN RESERVE... 

Table 1 - Serum insulin response to glucose plus glucagon in...

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a signiftcandy lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes melUtus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fmctose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the hver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

Increasing the dietary calcium level in the high beef meal resulted in hypercalciuria. This effect was obtained in the absence of an altered insulin response which suggests that factors other than or in addition to serum insulin were involved in the control of urinary calcium excretion. 

A 23-year-old diabetic woman had severe subcutaneous insulin resistance for 11 years (169). Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with regular or insulin lispro did not prevent periods of fluctuating responses to insulin. The addition of heparin to insulin lispro in the pump improved serum insulin concentrations and metabolic control. The addition of heparin to regular insulin gave no improvement. 

Glucose Tolerance. Ingestion of carbohydrates temporarily increases serum glucose levels and, in response, serum insulin levels. Diminished insulin levels of diabetics permit an excessive blood glucose rise, with urinary excretion of glucose. 

Several insulin-responsive ds-acting gene elements have been identified, referred to as insulin response elements (IREs). The problem is, that the IREs include so many common targets, such as the serum response element (SRE) and immediate early genes, controlled by many growth factors. Thus, activation of these genes is not specific for insulin. 

Proteins can also be delivered transdermally using a lipid-based biphasic delivery system in therapeutic quantity. Insulin treatment (10-50 mg/g formulation) was administered by a transdermal patch adhered to the abdomen of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats made diabetic by a single injection of strep-tozotocin (55 mg/kg). Blood was sampled from a tail vein every 2-4 h for 48 h. Response to transdermally applied insulin was both pH and concentration dependent. Blood glucose was decreased by 55% in the treated animals with mean response duration of 15 h. Serum insulin level was 162 pg/mL. 

The time to achieve maximum serum insulin concentration was shorter for Ora-Hn than for the subcutaneous injection (Tmax 25.66 9.9 versus 181 92 min, respectively, p<0.05). Maximum insulin levels were comparable with those after subcutaneous injection (51.5 21.8 versus 55.3 41.8 pUmL p = NS). The AUCq-120 and maximum insulin levels (12.6 9.6, 17.4 11.2, and 55.3 41.8 pU mL , respectively, p<0.01) for five, 10 and 20 Ora-lin " puffs, proved the dose-response relationship for the spray insulin (see Figs. 4.5 and 4.6). 

Response curve change from control Serum glucose Serum insulin... 

---