Japanese medaka

Metcalfe, T.L., Metcalfe, C.D., Kiparissis, Y. et al. (2000). Gonadal development and endocrine responses in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to o,p -T)DT in water or through maternal transfer. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 1893-1900. 

Heath, A.G., J.J. Cech, Jr., J.G. Zinkl, and M.D. Steele. 1993. Sublethal effects of three pesticides on Japanese medaka. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 485-491. 

Hawkins, W.E., W.W. Walker, R.M. Overstreet, J.S. Lytle, and T.F. Lytle. 1990. Carcinogenic effects of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the Japanese medaka and guppy in waterborne exposures. Sci. Total Environ. 94 155-167. 

Shima, A. and A. Shimada. 1991. Development of a possible nonmammalian test system for radiation-induced germ-cell mutagenesis using a fish, the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 2545-2549. 

Carlson, E.A., Li, Y., and Zelikoff, J.T., Exposure of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to benzo[a]pyrene suppresses immune function and host resistance against bacterial challenge, Aquat. Toxicol., 56, 289, 2002. 

Rice PJ, Drewes CD, Klubertanz TM, et al. 1997. Acute toxicity and behavioral effects of chlorpyrifos, permethrin, phenol, strychnine, and 2,4-dinitrophenol to 30-day-old Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes). Environ Toxicol Chem 16 696-704. 

Phycotoxins accumulate in fish and shellfish because of the natural feeding habits of the respective organisms, rather than because of food handling or processing practices. The toxins causing the diseases discussed in this chapter are heat stable (Australia New Zealand Food Authority, 2001 Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products, 1991). Complete inactivation of saxitoxin (associated with PSP) requires at least ten minutes of exposure to 260°C dry heat. Brevetoxins (associated with NSP) were inactivated (i.e., to levels below the limit of assay detection using Japanese medaka [Oryzias latipes]) by exposure to 500°C heat for 10 to 15 minutes (Poli, 1988). Complete inactivation required 10 minutes exposure to 2760°C dry heat (Wannamacher, 2000). 

LC50 (96-h static bioassay) for rainbow trout 14 mg/L, fathead minnows 12 mg/L, channel catfish 23 mg/L, bluegill sunfish 2 mg/L (quoted, Verschueren, 1983), Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes) 37.7 mg/L (Holcombe et al, 1995). 

LC50 (3-d post hatch) for Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes) ranged from 9 to 13 ng/L (Wisk and Cooper, 1990,1990a). 

Holcombe, G.W., Benoit, D.A., Hammermeister, D.E., Leonard, E.N., andjohnson, R.D. Acute and long-term effects of nine chemicals on the Japanese medaka Oryzlas latlped), Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 28(3) 287-297, 1995. 

Shigeoka, T., Yamagata, T., Minoda, T., and Yamauchi, F. Acute toxicity and hatching inhibition of chlorophenols to Japanese medaka, Oryziaslatipes, and structure-activity relationships, EiseiKagaku, 34(4) 343-349, 1988. 

Wisk, J.D. and Cooper, K.R. Comparison of the toxicity of several polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in embryos of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), Chemosphere, 20(3/4) 361-377, 1990. 

Fish (e.g., fathead minnow, Japanese medaka, zebrafidi)... 

Table 13.3 Univariate correlation coefficients (R) between properties mechanistically associated with acute toxicity of fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and Daphnia magna [32].

Property Fathead minnow (96 h) Japanese medaka (96 h) Daphnia magna (48 h) P. sub capitata (72 h)... 

Figure 13.8 Scatter plot of logPo/w and AE (HOMO - LU MO) energy (eV) for acute aquatic toxicity for combined data for fathead minnow (96 h), Japanese medaka (96 h) and Daphnia...

Hirshfield, M.F. (1980). An experimental analysis of reproductive effort and cost in the Japanese medaka. Ecology 61,282-292. 

It is well-known that pH is of importance for bioavailability and uptake of many chemicals, such as metals (e.g. Chapman et al. 1998), but pH may also be important for the same processes concerning organic substances. Nakamura et al. (2008) recently showed that acute toxicity and bioconcentration of the pharmaceutical fluoxetine was affected by pH in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Toxicity increased with increasing pH and bioconcentration was lower at pH 7 and higher at pH 9, likely because of increase in nonionized forms with significantly higher hydrophobicity than the ionized forms at pH values closer to pKa. 

Nakamura Y., Yamamoto H., Sekizawa J., Kondo T., Hirai N., Tatarazako N. (2008) The effects of pH on fluoxetine in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) acute toxicity in fish larvae and bioaccumulation in juvenile fish. Chemosphere 70 865-873. 

Muirhead, E. K., Skillman, A. D., Hook, S. E., Schultz, I. R. (2006) Oral exposure of PBDE 7 in fish effects in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 40 523-528. 

Colman, J.R., Twiner, M.J., Hess, E, McMahon, T, Satake, M., Yasumoto, T, Doucette, G.J., and Ramsdell, J.S. 2005. Teratogenic effects of azaspiracid-1 identified by microinjection of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. Toxicon 45, 881-890. 

Toxicity of non-ortho- and mono-orfho-PCDEs to fish has recently been studied with early life stages of Japanese medaka [84], PCDEs 77, 105, and 118 were shown to be embryotoxic to medaka, but the potencies relative to 2,3,7,8-TCDD were low the toxic equivalency factors (TEF) were 0.00001-0.00056. The PCDE fraction isolated from a Lake Ontario lake trout was also embryotoxic and PCDEs in trout were suggested to have the potential to induce toxic effects in early life stages of fish, although not blue-sac disease. 

Metabolomics has made remarkable inroads into the environmental research community. Here, a major emphasis is to understand the impact that environmental stress, such as pollution and climate change, has on wildlife. Indeed, many government organizations monitor the prevalence of pollutants in certain species of wildlife as indicators of the exposure risk within the environment. Studies of Japanese medaka have been conducted to investigate the effects of trichloroethylene, a common environmental pollutant, and the pesticide dinoseb, on the development of fish embryos (44, 45). Similarly, cadmium toxicity has been examined in the bank vole and rat and has revealed changes in lipid metabolism that preceded classical nephrotoxicity (46, 47). Another study investigated the effects of environmental toxins on earthworms (48). In particular, the analysis of earthworm tissue extracts by NMR spectroscopy identified maltose as a potential biomarker for ecotoxicity within a metal-contaminated site. 

Figure 7 Liver tumor induction by DEN in fish. Japanese medaka were exposed to DEN for 48 h at 14 days post hatch. At 6 months of age, fish were sacrificed and analyzed for liver tumors. The number of fish were 49, 44, 49, 45, and 48 in the 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm exposure groups, respectively (32).

Brown-Peterson NJ, Krol RM, Zhu Y, Hawkins WE. 1999. N-nitrosodiethyla-mine initiation of carcinogenesis in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) hepatocellular proliferation, toxicity, and neoplastic lesions resulting from short term, low level exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 50 186-94... 

Kawakami, K., A. Shima and N. Kawakami. Identification of a functional transposase of the Tol2 element, an Ac-like element from the Japanese medaka fish, and its transposition in the zebrafish germ lineage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97 11403-11408, 2000. 

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