Dunaliella salina

Hejazi, M.A. et al.. Selective extraction of carotenoids from the microalga Dunaliella salina with retention of viability, Biotechnol Bioeng., 79, 29, 2002. 

Hejazi, M.A., Holwerda, E., and Wijffels, R.H., Milking microalga Dunaliella salina for P-carotene production in two-phase bioreactors, Biotechnol Bioeng., 85, 475, 2004. 

Other applications — P-carotene is used in various pet foods as both a colorant and a precursor to vitamin A. It can be applied to an array of animal foods designed for dogs, cats, fish, and birds. The antioxidant and precursory vitamin A properties increase the appeal and application of P-carotene in pet foods. Additionally, P-carotene is an important carotenoid that may assist in improving the color of birds, fish, and crustaceans. Dunaliella salina can serve as a source of algal feed for fish and crustaceans. The microalgae provide carotenoids that are essential for flesh coloring, particularly of salmon and crustaceans. 

Synthetic pigments traditionally used by food processors continue to be utilized with success however, with the increasing consumer preference for natural food additives, natural colorants from plants now present big business and most of the research efforts within the scientific field of colorants are conducted on natural materials. Among microalgal production methods, marine background is a very positive aspect in the success of P-carotene produced by Dunaliella salina. 

Accumulation of organotin compounds in freshwater alga, Sc (Scenedesmus obliquus), and marine alga, Du (Dunaliella salina), is shown in Table 13. It was found that freshwater and marine algae accumulated organotin at a very high level81. 

BCF = (cone, of TBT in algae [pg g 1 /(cone. of TBT in supernatant medium 111 g g i. Sc denotes Scenedesmus obliquus-, Du denotes Dunaliella salina. 

Visviki, L. and J.W. Rachlin. 1994a. Acute and chronic exposure of Dunaliella salina and Chlamydomonas bullosa to copper and cadmium effects on growth. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 149-153. 

Kohidai, L., Kovacs, P., and Csaba, G., Chemotaxis of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina and the ciliated Tetrahymena pyriformis B effects of glycine, lysine, and alanine, and their oligopeptides, Biosci. Reports, 16, 467, 1996. 

For eukaryotic microorganisms, the involvement of PolyPs in biochemical regulation under stress has also been observed. For example, the involvement of vacuolar PolyP in survival under osmotic or alkaline stress has been shown in algae and fungi. In the alga Dunaliella salina, alkalinization of the cytoplasm results in a massive hydrolysis of PolyP, resulting in pH stat. Various authors have suggested that the hydrolysis of PolyP provides the pH-stat mechanism to counterbalance the alkaline stress (Bental et al, 1990 Pick et al, 1990 Pick and Weis, 1991). 

The ammonium-induced cytoplasmic alkalization in the unicellular algae Dunaliella salina resulted in degradation of long-chain PolyPs to PolyP3 (Pick etal, 1990 Bental etal, 1990 Pick and Wess, 1991). The hydrolysis was shown to correlate with the recovery of cytoplasmic pH and might provide the pH-stat mechanism to counterbalance the alkaline stress. 

U. Pick and M. Weiss (1991). Polyphosphate hydrolysis within acidic vacuoles in responce to amino-induced alkaline stress in the halotolerant alga Dunaliella salina. Plant. Physiol, 97, 1234—1240. 

Melis, A., Niedhardt, J., Benemann, J.R. 1999. Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) with small chlorophyll antenna sizes exhibit higher photosynthetic productivities and photon use efficiencies than normally pigmented cells. J. Appl. Phycol. 10, 515-525. 

Hyperosmotic stress was previously shown to decrease PtdOH in Dunaliella salina (Einspahr et al., 1988). However, it causes increased levels of PtdOH in other plant tissues and species (Frank et al., 2000 Munnik et al., 2000 Katagiri et al., 2001 Meijer et al., 2001a, 2002 Munnik, 2001 Munnik... 

Einspahr, K.J., Peeler, T.C. and Thompson, G.A.Jr., 1988, Rapid changes in polyphosphoinositide metabolism associated with the response of Dunaliella salina to hypoosmotic shock. J. Biol. Chem. 263 5775-5779. 

Neidhardt, J., Benemann, K. R. Zhang, L. And Melis, A. (1998). Photosystem II repair an chloroplast recovery from irrandiance stress relationship between chronic photoinhibition, light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna size and photosynthetic productivity in Dunaliella salina (green algae). Photosynth. Res. 56, 175-184. 

Naus J, Melis A. (1991). Changes of photosystem stoichiometry during cell growth in Dunaliella salina cultures. Plant Cell Physiol. 32, 569-575. 

Smith BM, Morrissey PJ, Guenther JE, Nemson JA, Harrison MA, Allen JF and Melis A. (1990). Response of the photosynthetic apparatus in Dunaliella salina (green algae) to irradiance stress. Plant Physiol. 93, 1433-1440. 

Tanaka A and Melis A. (1997). Irradiance-dependent changes in the size and composition of the chlorophyll a-b light-harvesting complex in the green alga Dunaliella salina. Plant Cell Physiol. 38, 17-24. 

Webb MR and Melis A. (1995). Chloroplast response in Dunaliella salina to irradiance stress. Effect on thylakoid membrane assembly and function. Plant Physiol. 107, 885-8930... 

Solubility was measured from a natural mixture of c/s-/f-oarotene and frans-/f-oarotene that were extraoted from mioroalga Dunaliella salina. 

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