Fatty Alcohol Sulfate FAS

Since FAS can be produced either from vegetable oil based or petrochemical-based fatty alcohol (Fig. 4.9), both types have been evaluated in a life-cycle analysis with a positive overall result for the natural based product. With vegetable-based fatty alcohol sulfate, the analysis starts with the harvesting of the oil fruits (palm kernels or coconuts) and their processing to isolate the desired plant oil. Subsequent transesterification and hydrogenation of the methyl ester intermediates lead to the fatty alcohols, which are finally sulfated to produce the desired product. Based on this analysis the environmental impact of vegetable oil based fatty alcohol sulfate compared with the petrochemical based product is as follows  

2 Acylated Proteins and Amino Acids (Protein-Fatty Acid Condensates) [19] 

In the development of the protein-fatty acid condensates it was possible to combine the renewable resources fatty acids (from vegetable oil) and protein, which can be obtained from both animal waste (leather) as well as from many plants, to construct a surfactant structure with a hydrophobic (fatty acid) and a hydrophilic (protein) part (Fig. 4.12). This was carried out by reacting protein hydrolysate with fatty acid chloride under Schotten-Baumann conditions using water as solvent. Products are obtained that have an excellent skin compatibility and, additionally, a good cleaning effect (particularly on the skin) and, in combination with other surfactants, lead to an increase in performance. For instance, even small additions of the acylated protein hydrolysate improve the skin compatibility. An 

In the personal care market, fatty acid derivatives of proteins and amino acids (glutamic acid) are mainly used in mild shower and bath products, mild shampoos, surfactant-based face cleansers, cold-wave preparations and fixatives, baby wash formulations, as well as special emulsifiers for leave-on products. 

The development of surfactants based on carbohydrates and oils is the result of a product concept based on the exclusive use of renewable resources. In industry, saccharose (sucrose), glucose and sorbitol, which are available in large amounts and at attractive prices, are used as the preferred carbohydrate raw materials. 

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Fig. 4.3 Interfacial tension between a solution of C,2/i4-fatty alcohol sulfate (FAS) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and two different oils as a function of time [43].

Figure 3.34. Comparison of the liquid crystalline phases with viscosities and yield points for Ci6-fatty alcohol sulfate (FAS) as a function of concentration (26)...

Surfactants Are the most important components improve the wetting ability of water, emusify and remove soil particles Alkylbenzene sulfates, e.g. linear alkylbenzene sidfonate (LAS) Alcohol sulfates, e.g. Fatty alcohol sulfates (FAS) Alcohol ether sulfates ot-Olefin sulfonates Alcohol ethoxylates Alkylphenol ethoxylates Fatty alkanolamides Fatty amine oxides Alkylpolyglucucosides Betaines Imidazolinium salts Quaternary ammonium compounds ... 

The surface tension behavior of mixtures of alkyl polyglycosides and anionic surfactants was investigated with reference to an alkyl polyglycoside/fatty-alcohol sulfate (FAS) mixture. Figme 12 shows the surface tension/concentration curves at 60°C for Cj j -APG, Cj2,4-FAS, and two mixtures of these... 

APG, alkyl polyglucoside FAA, fatty acid alkanolamide FAEO, fatty alcohol ethoxylate FAES, fatty alcohol ether sulfate FAGA, fatty acid glucamide FAS, fatty alcohol sulfate LAS, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate SAS, secondary alkanesulfonate. 

FIG. 35 Increase of viscosity of liquid detergents. LAS = linear alkylbenzene sulfonate FAEO = fatty alcohol ethoxylate FAS = fatty alcohol sulfate MBS = methyl ester sulfonate. 

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