Alkyl naphthalene sulphonates

Wettable powders Sodium di-alkyl naphthalene Sulphonates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Wetting agents... 

A wide range of products, including every class and type of surfactant, has been found to exhibit demulsification properties. The most commonly used products in lubricant formulations contain anionic surfactants such as alkyl-naphthalene sulphonates. Nonionic alkoxylated alkyl-phenol resins and block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are also used. 

A good example of polyelectrolytes is sulphonated alkyl naphthalene formaldehyde condensates ... 

Figure 9.24(a) Apparent viscosity, zeta potential, amount of adsorption, and pH in zinc oxide-water (50/50) suspensions versus initial concentration, c, curves for Na salt of polyacrylic acid (PA) (O), Na salt of formalin condensate of -naphthalene sulphonate acid (NSF) (C), and sodium tripolyphosphate ( ). The initial concentrations of PA and NSF refer to the mole concentrations expressed/monomer unit of them. A dotted line refers to the apparent viscosity versus c curve for PA at a controlled pH of 10.1. C = initial mole concentration of surfactant and polyphosphate, (b) Apparent viscosity, zeta potential, amount of adsorption, and pH in zinc oxide-water (50/50) suspensions versus initial concentration, c, curves for Na salt of formalin condensate of alkyl (C4) naphthalene sulphonic acid (Al-NSF) (Ci), sodium alkyl (C4) naphthalene sulphonate ( >), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (O). The initial concentrations of Al-NSF refer to the mole concentrations expressed/monomer unit. C = initial mole concentration of surfactant. From [61] with permission. 

Early studies of the affinity of acid dyes for wool revealed noteworthy correlations with dye structure. For example, in four pairs of monoazo dyes differing only by replacement of a benzene by a naphthalene nucleus, the affinity increase in each pair was consistently within the range -4-6 to -6.3 kj/mol. In three related pairs of dyes, an additional sulpho group reduced the affinity by about -4 kj/mol. In a series of alkylsulphuric acids (ethyl, octyl, dodecyl) and in two series of monoazo dyes containing alkyl chains of increasing length, the increment per methylene group was consistently about -1.66 kj/mol. A close correlation between affinity and Mr was also obtained for a series of substituted phenylazo-l-naphthol-4- sulphonic acid dyes [115]. 

Alkylates made specifically as feedstocks for synthetic petroleum sulphonates are typically long chain (average C chain > 16) and may use propylene oligomers which result in branched chains. Naphthalene products use the same propylene technology but tend to shorter chains (di-isopropylnaphthalene, di-nonylnaphthalene). 

In piece, yarn, or garment dyeing a two-stage method consisting of application of the Naphthol first followed by coupling with a Fast Salt is preferred. The Fast Salts are diazotized bases stabilized by formation of double salts with compounds such as zinc chloride, aluminium chloride, alkyl sulphates, benzene sulphonic acid, and 1 5 naphthalene disulphonic acid. 

Patents are still appearing on further substitution reactions of naphthalene disulphonic acids by both kinetically and thermodynamically controlled processes, which have been of great commercial importance for many years. Isomer distributions for the sulphonation of other arenesulphonic acids and some alkyl derivatives have been compiled142. 

The double-alkylated arenes, as dibutylnaphthalene, have some importance also as starting materials for alkylarylsulphonates. So, dibutylnaphthalene can be obtained by a reaction between naphthalene and butanol at 25-35 °C catalysed by sulphuric acid. Another raw material source for alkylarylsulphonates ( petroleum sulphonates) are the oil cuts enriched with alkylarenes. 

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