Fatty acids fractionation

Process Sequence. The process sequence consists of recovery of tall oil soap from the pulping blackhquor, acidulation, ie, conversion of the soap into CTO with sulfuric acid, fractional distillation to separate rosin, and fatty acids and purification of the fatty acid fraction. 

L. Zelles, A. Palojarvi, E. Kandeler, M. VonLut/.ow, K. Winter, Q. Y. Bai. Changes in. soil mierobial properties and phospholipid fatty acid fractions after chloroform fumigation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29 1325 (1997). 

The effect of altering the fatty-acid chain length of sodium salts of linear fatty acids on the air entrained in mortars is illustrated in Fig. 3.9 [5], The superiority of the 9-11 carbon chain length fatty-acids is clearly shown and, in practice, fatty-acid fractions with a high Cjq content are chosen the C9 and fatty acids do not occur... 

However, studies in hypercholesterolemic subjects, using soy protein depleted of isoflavones have shown that soy protein independently of isoflavones can favorably affect LDL size, LDL particle distribution was shifted to a less atherogenic pattern,and can decrease triglyceride concentrations, triglyceride fatty acid fractional synthesis rate, and cholesterol... 

Wang Y, Jones PJ, Ausman LM, Lichtenstein AH. Soy protein reduces triglyceride levels and triglyceride fatty acid fractional synthesis rate in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 173, 269-275, 2004. 

Massart-Leen, A. M., DePooter, H., DeCloedt, M. and Schamp, N. 1981. Composition and variability of the branched-chain fatty acid fraction in the milk of goats and cows. Lipids 16, 286-292. 

Poveda, J. M., Perez-Coello, M. S., and Cabezas, L. (1999). Evolution of the free fatty acid fraction in Manchego cheese during ripening. Milchwissenschaft 54,685-687. 

The composition of the free fatty acids is also unique. In both human and pig stratum cornea, the free fatty acid fraction consists mainly of long and saturated hydrocarbon chains [44,45], Oleic and linoleic acid are the only unsaturated free fatty acids detected in the stratum corneum. There are various sterols present in human stratum corneum, of which cholesterol predominates. Cholesterol is the only major lipid class that is present in both plasma membranes and the intercellular lipid lamellae. Cholesterol is synthesized in the epidermis and this synthesis is independent of the hepatic one. A minor fraction is sulfated to... 

Table II lists the increases for the four major fatty acids in the free fatty acid fraction. Collectively, palmitic (C. q), oleic (Cig.), linoleic (C g an< lin°lenic comprise greater...

Norlen, L. et al., A new HPLC-based method for the quantitative analysis of inner stratum corneum lipids in vivo with special reference to the free fatty acid fraction, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 290, 508, 1998. 

Contini, M., de Santis, D. and Anelli, G. (1991) Distribution of fatty acids in glycerides and in free fatty acid fraction of hazelnut oil. Riv. Ital. Sost. Grasse, 68, 405-411. 

Fig. 36.14. Fatty acid fractionation. (Courtesy Lurgi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.)...

The Interaction of the carotenoid and the fatty acid fractions on Cellte were both necessary for the odor development to occur. Studies designed to confirm an Interaction of the carotenoid and fatty acid fractions In the development of salmon flavors showed that when carotenoid fractions from salmon oils were separated from the acylglycerol fraction by column chromatography, neither yielded a salmon-llke aroma during oxidation (Table III). 

Coconut oil is well positioned because it has the unique advantage of having its fatty acid composition falhng within the carbon chain spectrum highly desired by the oleochemical industry where the C12 and C14 fatty acid fractions are sought after. Table 1 shows the fatty acid composition of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. 

The C12-C18 fatty acid fractions, approximately 85% of the coconut oil fatty acid composition, are the primary raw materials for detergent-grade fatty alcohols. Coconut oil is a primary source of basic oleochemicals and a host of other oleochemical derivatives. Figure 1 indicates some of the major processes by which... 

Caprylic, capric acid. The low-molecular-weight fraction comprising around 55% C8 and 40% CIO fatty acid fractions with small amounts of C6 and C12 fractions. 

Laurie, myristic acid. The medium-chain fatty acid fraction comprising approximately 72% C12 and 26% C14 fatty acid fractions with traces of CIO and C16 fatty acid fractions. 

Laurie acid. A pure-cut C12 fatty acid with a purity of 99% minimum with traces of CIO and C14 fatty acid fractions. 

In the case of coconut oil, the fatty acid fractions are C8 to Cl8 with a trace amount of C6. 

Fatty Acid Fractionation. Today s market is becoming more and more demanding. Specific fractions with purity in excess of 99% are in demand for special... 

Probably the largest volume use of fatty amines is in the manufacture of fabric softeners. The latter is distearyldimethyl ammonium chloride produced by the reaction of distearylamine and methylchloride with continuous addition of alkali. However, as stated earlier, the starting materials for this product are the C16-C18 fatty acid fractions from tallow or palm oil. 

Tall oil fulfils all of these requirements. Tall oil is a natural product of pine trees that is isolated by means of the Kraft pulping process. It is composed of the ether extractable, non-lignin, non-cellulosic portion of the pine tree, and it must be fractionated via steam-vacuum distillation for commercial use. Fractionation of one metric ton of crude tall oil produces about 350 kg of rosin acids, 300 kg of fatty acids and 330 kg of distillated tall oil, head and pitch. The economic value of tall oil is primarily derived from its fatty acid fraction. 

The bound fatty acid component in the total lipid extract was one to three orders of magnitude less than the unbound fatty acid fraction. This relationship produced unbound/bound ratios... 

The greater proportion of the unbound fatty acid fraction compared to the bound fraction coincides with similar proportions for total lipid and non-aromatlo hydrocarbons. Fatty acids comprised <1—14% of the bound lipid extract, values equivalent to <1- 10 pg/g. A summary of gas chromatographic data Is presented In Table IV. 

Table IV. Gravimetric and gna chromatographic data on unbound and bound fatty acid fractions, DSDP Site 603B lower continental rise, U.S. east coast.

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