Use as an extracting agent

Butyl ether is used mainly as a solvent for organic materials such as resins, oils, hydrocarbons, esters, gums, and alkaloids. It is also used as an extracting agent in metal separation and as a reacting medium in organic synthesis processes. It is a solvent commonly found in teaching, research, and analytical laboratories. 

Dibutyl ether s production and use as an extracting agent and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of h.OmmHg at 25 °C indicates dibutyl ether will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dibutyl ether will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 h. Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important removal process since aliphatic ethers do not absorb light in the environmental spectrum. If released to soil, dibutyl ether is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 51. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry s law constant of 6.0 x lO atmm moH. Dibutyl ether is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based... 

Dichloroethane is used in the production of building protection agents, roofing felts, and cold asphalt. It is used as an extracting agent for alkaloids and ethereal oils. 

Diisopropyl ether IJ08-20-3] is miscible with most organic solvents, but immiscible with ethylene glycol and glycerol. It is only slightly water soluble. Diisopropyl ether is an excellent solvent for natural oils, mineral oils, and waxes. It is used as an extracting agent and reaction medium in chemical and pharmaceutical syntheses. 

Quinoline is a liquid, soluble in alcohol, ether, carban disulfide, and in most of the common organic solvents, but only partially soluble in water. It is o solvent for cellulose esters and ethers when used with other solvents. It is used in the manufacture of dyes, photographic sensitizers, nicotinic acid, and drugs. It is also used as an extraction agent and in organic synthesis. 

Supercritical carbon dioxide is widely used as an extracting agent, especially in the food industry. Contaminats are also extracted from aqueous solutions or solids by CO2 [3]. Aftac extraction, the hazardous compound is in C02 not in the water phase. Therefore, in an optimum incineration process, the compounds would be oxidized in the extracting agent CO2 as a second step of an integrated process [4,S]. 

An alternative flowsheet is shown in Figure 8.24 in which water is used as an extractive agent in an extractive distillation column to remove the methanol from the distillate stream coming from the reactive distillation column. A second column separates the methanol/water mixture coming from the base of the extraction column and recycles both methanol and water back to upstream units in the process. 

Uses. Potassium peroxide is used as an oxidizing agent and in oxygen generating units for gas masks (Ref 5). Another use has been found by Hatterer who developed a device which extracts the thermal energy from nuclear reactors in a reaction which generates H2 and 02 gases by... 

Phenolic antioxidants in rubber extracts were determined indirectly photometrically after reaction with Fe(III) salts which form a red Fe(II)-dipyridyl compound. The method was applicable to Vulkanox BKF and Vulkanox KB [52]. Similarly, aromatic amines (Vulkanox PBN, 4020, DDA, 4010 NA) were determined photometrically after coupling with Echtrotsalz GG (4-nitrobenzdiazonium fluoroborate). For qualitative analysis of vulcanisation accelerators in extracts of rubbers and elastomers colour reactions with dithio-carbamates (for Vulkacit P, ZP, L, LDA, LDB, WL), thiuram derivatives (for Vulkacit I), zinc 2-mercaptobenzthiazol (for Vulkacit ZM, DM, F, AZ, CZ, MOZ, DZ) and hexamethylene tetramine (for Vulkacit H30), were mentioned as well as PC and TLC analyses (according to DIN 53622) followed by IR identification [52]. 8-Hydroquinoline extraction of interference ions and alizarin-La3+ complexation were utilised for the spectrophotometric determination of fluorine in silica used as an antistatic agent in PE [74], Also Polygard (trisnonylphenylphosphite) in styrene-butadienes has been determined by colorimetric methods [75,76], Most procedures are fairly dated for more detailed descriptions see references [25,42,44],... 

Dichloromethane has been used as an extraction solvent for spices and beer hops and for decaffeination of coffee. It has also found use as a carrier solvent in the textile industry, in the manufacture of photographic film and as a blowing agent for polymer... 

Diethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH), is used in the production of unsaturated polyester resins and polyester polyols for polyurethane-resin manufacture, as well as in the textile industry as a conditioning agent and lubricant for numerous synthetic and natural fibers. It is also used as an extraction solvent in petroleum processing, as a desiccant in natural gas processing, and in the manufacture of some plasticizers and surfactants. 

If distillation is rejected, we might consider extractive distillation. The K-values of acetone and methanol at infinite-dilution (38.5 and 7.8, respectively) in water indicate that water could be used as an extractive distillation agent for the separation of these species. However, adding water would almost certainly introduce a second phase with the pentane. 

Chlorobutanol is primarily used in ophthalmic or parenteral dosage forms as an antimicrobial preservative at concentrations up to 0.5% w/v see Section 10. It is commonly used as an antibacterial agent for epinephrine solutions, posterior pituitary extract solutions, and ophthalmic preparations intended for the treatment of miosis. It is especially useful as an antibacterial agent in nonaqueous formulations. Chlorobutanol is also used as a preservative in cosmetics [see Section 16) as a plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers and has been used therapeutically as a mild sedative and local analgesic. 

N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is used as an extraction solvent in the petrochemical industry, as a paint stripper in occupational (e.g., graffiti removal) and consumer (e.g., furniture) settings, as a solvent in the microelectronics industry, and as a chemical reaction medium. NMP enhances the penetration of topically applied pharmaceuticals and is used as a formulating agent in pigments, dyes, inks, and pesticides. It has been used increasingly as a replacement for chlorinated solvents that may pose a greater health risk. 

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