Extraction antibacterial agent

The preparation of the sample prior to its analysis will depend upon the nature of both the sample and the analytical method chosen and may involve the disruption of cells, homogenization and extraction procedures as well as the removal of protein or other interfering substances. It may be necessary to prevent the decomposition and degradation of the carbohydrate content during such treatments or during storage by the addition of antibacterial agents such as thymol or merthiolate, or substances such as fluoride ions, which will inhibit the enzymic transformation of the carbohydrates. 

Golet E.M., A.C. Alder, A. Hartmann, T.A. Temes, and W. Giger (2001). Trace determination of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents in urban wastewater by sohd-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytical Chemistry 73 3632-3638. 

Five drugs used as antibacterial agents, including ciprofloxacin, were measured spectrophotometrically by Avadhanulu et al. [12]. Ciprofloxacin was determined in the tablets after extraction with aqueous 50% acetone on the basis of its absorbance at 524 nm. The recovery and RSD for ciprofloxacin was 99.3-100.2% and 0.3-0.55%, respectively. 

Screening of extracts obtained from terrestrial plants and animals has yielded a large number of novel natural products. Many of diese have been developed into useful medicinal agents either directly as the natural product or through synthetic modification. It has been estimated that for the period 1983-1994, 78% of the antibacterial agents and 61% of the 31 anticancer agents approved for use, were derived from terrestrial natural products. By comparison the marine environment remains relatively unexplored. 

Chlorobutanol is primarily used in ophthalmic or parenteral dosage forms as an antimicrobial preservative at concentrations up to 0.5% w/v see Section 10. It is commonly used as an antibacterial agent for epinephrine solutions, posterior pituitary extract solutions, and ophthalmic preparations intended for the treatment of miosis. It is especially useful as an antibacterial agent in nonaqueous formulations. Chlorobutanol is also used as a preservative in cosmetics [see Section 16) as a plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers and has been used therapeutically as a mild sedative and local analgesic. 

Kava has been used traditionally as an antibacterial agent in the treatment of urinary tract infections (28) however, no clinical trials have established its efficacy. Locher et al. investigated antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activity of extracts of Kava leaves, stems, and roots. They concluded that P. methysticum exerted no antiviral or antibacterial activity, although weak antifungal activity against Epidermophyton fluccosum was demonstrated by extracts made from the stems of the plant. 

C3 and C4 components are natural antibacterial agents present in human colostrum. Sepehri et al. (1998) reported that pectin-rich plant extracts enhanced transfer of C3 and C4 from blood to colostrum by an unknown mechanism. This observation suggests that these plant extracts may be used to reinforce the antibacterial activity of human colostrum. 

S. Morales-Munoz, J.L. Luque-Garcia, M.D. Luque de Castro, Continuous microwave-assisted extraction coupled with derivatization and fluorimetric monitoring for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents from soil samples, J. Chroma-togr. A 1059 (2004) 25. 

A packed column GC method for nitrosated pyridine alkaloids in tobacco (Spiegelhalder et al. 1989) allows simultaneous determinations of nitrate and nitrite by continuous flow spectrophotometry. The procedure includes aqueous alkaline extraction of tobacco in the presence of an antibacterial agent. Nitrosamines are cleaned up by liquid-liquid extraction and removal of nicotine. Temperature-programmed GC separations on 10%-OV 17 on chromosorb WHP (80/100 mesh) are carried out. The analysis utilizes N -nitrosopentylpicolylamine or N-nitrosodibenzylamine as internal standards and TEA detection. 

L. Reagor, J. Gusman, L. McCoy, E. Carino, J. P. Heggers (2002) The effectiveness of processed grapefruit-seed extract as an antibacterial agent I. An in vitro agar assay. J. Altem. Complement. Med 8, 325-332. 

Various veterinary residues can be found in food, particularly antibacterial agents used as curative or prophylactic treatments in livestock. A concern with the presence of residual levels of these antibacterial drugs in foods is the increase in antimicrobial resistance. CE methods have been applied to the determination of drug residues in fish and chicken muscle. The quantitative analysis of oxolinic acid fish muscle can be achieved using CZE with a basic phosphate buffer (pH 9) after solid-phase extraction. Enroflox-acin and its metabolite ciproflaxin are detectable in chicken muscle using LIE detection after separation by CZE in an acidic phosphate buffer (pH 2.2). Oxolinic acid and flumequine can be simultaneously determined in chicken by using a basic phosphate buffer (pH 8.02) and UV-visible diode array detection. 

Among total 5 extract carotenoids of hypophasic paprika extract (PMl), epiphasic paprika extract (PM2), hypophasic orange extract (PM3), hypophasic apple extract (PM4) and epiphasic apple extract (PM5), and 1 carotene of P-carotene (P,P-carotene, 2), carotenoid of hypophasic apple extract (PM4) showed the potent anti-human immunodeficiency vims (anti-HIV) activity when compared to metronidazole (71) (Figure 20) of an antiprotozoal dmg, antitrichomonal agent or antibacterial agent, however, other 4 extract carotenoids were inaetive for human immunodeficiency vims (HIV). 

The area of zone of inhibition ranging from 44.15 mm to 53.55 mm. These investigations suggest that the extracts of Brassica rapa chinensis, Artocarpus altilis, Moringa oleifera and Solanum Melongena can be used as antibacterial agents in addition to their nutritional value. 

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