Acidifying agents

Skuerungs-grad, m. degree of acidity, -mittel, n. acidifying agent. 

Cochineal pigments are extracted from dried bodies of female insects with water or with ethanol the result is a red solution that is concentrated in order to obtain the 2 to 5% carminic acid concentration customary for commercial cochineal. For carmine lakes, the minimum content of carminic acid is 50%. An industrial procedure applied in Spain uses ammonium hydroxide as the extracting agent and phosphoric acid as the acidifying agent. For analytical purposes the extraction is carried out with 2 N HCl at 100°C. The chemical synthesis of carminic acid has also been reported and is the subject of European and United States patents. ... 

B. Proteus species produce urease (A) that produces ammonia and urea, alkalizing urine. Urine requires acidification for effective therapy. Hippuric (B), mandelic, or ascorbic acids or methionine are urinary acidifying agents. The normal acidic urinary environment is disturbed by recurrent Proteus in-... 

The risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and cardiotoxicity is increased with coadministration of dronabinol (an antiemetic) and dextroamphetamine. In addition, administration of dextroamphetamine with MAOIs may increase the risk of hypertensive crisis. Al-kalinizing agents can speed absorption (e.g., antacids) or delay urinary excretion (e.g., acetazolamide, thiazide diuretics) of dextroamphetamine, thus potentiating its effects. Gastric or urinary acidifying agents (e.g., ascorbic acid, ammonium chloride) can decrease the effects of dextroamphetamine. Propoxyphene overdose can potentiate amphetamine central nervous system stimulation, potentially resulting in fatal convulsions. 

Methenamine mandelate, 1 g four times daily, or methen-amine hippurate, 1 g twice daily by mouth (children, 50 mg/kg/d or 30 mg/kg/d, respectively), is used only as a urinary antiseptic to suppress, not treat, urinary tract infection. Acidifying agents (eg, ascorbic acid, 4-12 g/d) may be given to lower urinary pH below 5.5. Sulfonamides should not be given at the same time because they may form an insoluble compound with the formaldehyde released by methenamine. Persons taking methenamine mandelate may exhibit falsely elevated tests for catecholamine metabolites. 

TABLE 3. Standard of Identity of Mayonnaise (section 169.140 Code of Federal Regulations). Description Mayonnaise is the emuisified semisoiid food prepared from vegetable oil(s), one or both of the acidifying agents specified (below), and one or more of the egg containing ingredients specified (beiow). 

Vinegar or vinegar plus an optional acidifying agent contributing an acidty, calculated as acetic acid, of not less than 2.5%... 

Acidity, calculated as acetic acid and contributed by vinegar, lemon, or lime juice, should not be less than 2.5% by weight of the product. When an optional acidifying ingredient such as citric acid is used, the label on the package must bear the statement citric acid added. As of January 1, 1978, malic acid has been permitted as an acidifying agent by the FDA. 

Glacial and diluted acetic acid solutions are widely used as acidifying agents in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations and food preparations. Acetic acid is used in pharmaceutical products as a buffer system when combined with an acetate salt such as sodium acetate. Acetic acid is also claimed to have some antibacterial and antifungal properties. 

Acidifying agent antioxidant buffering agent chelating agent flavor enhancer. 

Fumaric acid has been investigated as a lubricant for effervescent tablets and copolymers of fumaric acid and sebacic acid have been investigated as bioadhesive micro-spheres. " It has been used in film-coated pellet formulations as an acidifying agent and also to increase drug solubility. ... 

Hydrochloric acid is widely used as an acidifying agent, in a variety of pharmaceutical and food preparations (see Section 16). It may also be used to prepare dilute hydrochloric acid, which in addition to its use as an excipient has some therapeutic use, intravenously in the management of metabolic alkalosis, and orally for the treatment of achlorhydria. See Section 17. 

In pharmaceutical formulations, dilute hydrochloric acid is usually used as an acidifying agent in preference to hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is also used therapeutically as an escharotic. The PhEur 2005 also contains a specification for hydrochloric acid, dilute see Section 17. 

Lactic acid is used in beverages, foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals see Table I) as an acidifying agent and acidulant. 

Acidifying agent flavor enhancer sequestering agent. 

Mcthenamine is used internally as a urinary antiseptic for the treatment of chronic urinary tract infections. The free base has practically no hacteriostatic power formaldehyde relca.se at the lower pH of the kidney is required. To optimize the antibacterial effect, an acidifying agent. such as sodium biphusphatc or ammonium chloride generally accumpanies the administratiun of methenaminc. 

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