Maceration, of skin

Hypertrichosis, hypopigmentation, maceration of skin, miliaria, perioral dermatitis, skin atrophy, striae... 

Maceration of skin caused by inhibition of skin breathing The transpiration of water vapor is greatly inhibited in the presence of PSA on the skin. It may cause skin maceration and folliculitis. However, this occlusive effect is important for enhancing drug permeation, which is called occlusion effect. 

Most type A gelatin is made from pork skins, yielding grease as a marketable by-product. The process includes macerating of skins, washing to remove extraneous matter, and swelling for 10-30 h in 1-5% hydrochloric, phosphoric, or sulfuric... 

Allergic contact dermatitis, maceration of the skin, secondary infection, skin atrophy. Serious Reactions... 

Allergic confacf dermatitis, maceration of fhe skin, secondary infecfion, skin afrophy Serious Reactions... 

White musts and wines made without maceration contain very low amounts of flavonoids. However, when making white wine from white grapes, skin contact at low temperature is sometimes performed before pressing and fermentation to increase extraction of volatile compounds and aroma precursors. After 4h of skin contact, the concentration of flavanol monomers and dimers in must was increased threefold. Delays between harvest and pressing, especially if sulfur dioxide is added to prevent oxidation, as well as thorough pressing, similarly result in increased concentrations of flavonoids in white musts and wines. " " ... 

Flg. 11.2 Sensory impact of skin maceration during white wine making in Muscat (left) and Riesling (right) [37]... 

A highly reactive natural product which contains such a geminally donor-acceptor substituted alkene is protoanemonin (Scheme 3.12), a toxic, skin-irritating lactone produced by various plants (ranunculaceae). The natural precursor to this compound is the glucoside ranunculin [44, 45], which yields protoanemonin enzymatically on maceration of plant tissue. Protoanemonin is unstable and quickly polymerizes or dimerizes to the less toxic anemonin. 

Due to the long maceration on skin, red wines are particularly rich in phenolic compounds, having higher antioxidant capacity and also higher resveratrol content than white wines. Of the high number of studies on this field, only a few focused on the botrytized white wines. 

Use of the 920-gallon (34.82-hL) transport tanks for the must permits the winery to use these tanks for maceration of the juice in contact with the skins and pulp. This is accomplished by allowing these tanks to stand for as many hours as is deemed appropriate for skin contact prior to transferring the must to dejuicing tanks and subsequently pressing. 

The difference between the M3G concentration in individual ferments (Table 1) could be partially attributed to the bin-to-bin variation of grapes having different maturity and might have been influenced by the choice of tank type and fermentation temperature (77). It remains to be established whether the peak M3G concentration reflected the maximum possible concentration of extractable anthocyanins under the conditions studied, or whether it was limited by the physical skin removal and could have been further increased by extended maceration on skins. 

The making of red wine involves maceration of the grape skins during alcoholic fermentation. The aim is that pigments in die skins spread throughout the must. However, some of the anthocyanins released are retained by the yeast cell walls and are therefore lost to the wine when the lees is removed. 

The leaves and needles of plants possess a protective coating skin of cutin often referred to as the cuticle and which is highly resistant to decomposition processes. These cuticles thus emerge as another maceral of the exinite group that is termed cutinite. While not very abundant, this maceral is commonly found in most coals and is derived from the waxy outer coating of leaves, roots, and stems. 

The medical literature has sparse reports. Excessive environmental heat in a Nigerian battery manufacturers induced sweating and maceration of the skin, especially over the anterior abdominal wall this predisposed five individuals wearing dark-coloured uniforms to clothing dermatitis. In the same report, one person working with bitumen developed an acneiform skin eruption (Olumide et al. 1983). 

A. /.oca/—Trivalent arsenic compounds are corrosive to the skin. Brief contact has no effect but prolonged contact results in a local hyperemia and later vesicular or pustular eruption. The moist mucous membranes are most sensitive to the irritant action. Conjunctiva, moist and macerated areas of skin, the eyelids, the angles of the ears, nose, mouth, and respiratory mucosa are also vulnerable to the irritant effects. The wrists are common sites of dermatitis, as are the genitalia if personal hygiene is poor. Perforations of the nasal septum may occur. Arsenic trioxide and pentoxide are capable of producing skin sensitization and contact dermatitis. Arsenic is also capable of producing keratoses, especially of the palms and soles. 

Polyglycols are well tolerated even by sensitive skin and do not cause any sensitization. They have no macerating effect on the areas of skin treated. 

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